UC-NRLF 

.............. 


II1 


*B    723    M5M 


GIFT   OF 
JANE  K.SATHER 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN-AMERICAN 
HISTORY 


BY 

HALFORD  LANCASTER  HOSKINS 

ASSISTANT   PROFESSOR  OF  HISTORY  AND  PUBLIC  LAW 
TUFTS  COLLEGE 


D.   C.   HEATH  &  CO.,   PUBLISHERS 

BOSTON  NEW  YORK  CHICAGO 


V 


t  £uo£^4^ 


6Td(>33 


COPYilG 


Copyright,  1922, 
By  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

2C2 


PRINTED   IN   U.S.A 


PREFACE 

Most  of  the  purposes  of  this  handbook  are  obvious.  It  is 
intended  primarily  to  furnish  a  means  of  access  to  the  various 
aspects  of  development  of  those  states  which  are  collectively 
termed  Latin  America.  Until  lately  little  attempt  has  been 
made  to  study  the  evolution  and  international  importance  of 
our  southern  neighbors,  as  the  paucity  of  comprehensive  works 
on  Hispanic  America  witnesses.  Only  with  the  increasing  com- 
mercial importance  of  these  states  have  we  become  aware  of  the 
existence  of  a  number  of  large  and  potentially  wealthy  and  pow- 
erful nations  at  our  very  door;  and  it  must  be  confessed  that 
as  the  origin  of  this  interest  was  commercial,  the  basis  of  our 
concern  continues  to  be  primarily  economic.  Hence,  we  have 
been  studying  Latin-American  social  and  cultural  development 
largely  for  the  purpose  of  understanding  Latin-American  busi- 
ness methods  and  opportunities. 

We  are  coming  to  realize,  however,  that  these  southern  re- 
publics have  more  to  offer  than  mere  opportunities  for  commer- 
cial and  financial  exploitation.  It  becomes  increasingly  evident 
that  here  are  great  nations  in  the  making,  having  their  own 
distinct  types  of  institutions  and  culture,  their  own  likes  and 
dislikes,  and,  withal,  a  growing  consciousness  of  self-depend- 
ence and  strength  which  makes  them  constantly  more  worthy 
of  consideration  as  friends  or  foes. 

In  a  careful,  sympathetic  study  of  these  budding  nations 
we  have  the  true  germs  of  genuine  Pan-Americanism.  Only 
by  thorough  mutual  understanding  can  all  the  nations  of  the 
western  hemisphere  develop  a  spirit  of  international  coopera- 
tion based  no  longer  on  diplomatic  expression  of  good  will, 
but  upon  the  recognition  of  common  aims  and  interests 
toward  the  promotion  of  the  common  welfare. 

iii 

727705 


iv  PREFACE 

It  may  be  that  proper  appreciation  of  the  existing  mutual 
dependence  can  arrive  only  through  the  strengthening  of  the 
economic  bonds  already  created.  A  study  of  our  commercial 
relations  with  Latin  America  shows  that  the  two  Americas  are 
essentially  inter-dependent.  For  that  reason,  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  accompanying  syllabus  has  been  devoted  to  such 
considerations,  in  the  hope  that  through  the  study  of  this  prac- 
tical basis  of  inter- American  relations  there  may  arise  a  Pan- 
American  consciousness  of  common  aims  and  interests,  to 
which  this  little  book  is  sincerely  dedicated. 

H.  L.  H. 

Tufts  College 
February,  1922 


SKELETON   OUTLINE 

I.  The  Colonial  Era  of  Latin-American  History 

A.  The  European  Background 

B.  The  Era  of  Discovery  and  Conquest 

C.  Iberian  Colonies  and  Institutions  in  America 

II.  Evolution  of  the  Latin-American  Nations 

A .  The  Struggles  for  Independence 

B.  Rise  of  the  South  American  Republics 

C.  Course  of  the  Northern  Latin  States  and  Dependencies 

III.  Latin-American  Problems  and  Collective  Development 

Ay  National  Growth  of  Latin  States 

B.  Contemporary  Social  Conditions 

C.  Economic  and  Industrial  Progress 

IV.  Pan-American  and  International  Relations 

A.  Evolution  of  American  Policies 

B.  Foreign  Business  and  Trade  Relations 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Bibliography i 

List  of  Outline  Maps 19 

I.  The  Colonial  Era  of  Latin-American  History 

A.  The  European  Background. 

1.  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Origins. 

a.  The  Racial  Basis  of  Iberian  History 23 

b.  Rise  of  the  Spanish  Kingdom 24 

c.  Hispanic  Life  and  Institutions 25 

2.  Basis  of  the  Expansion  of  Europe. 

a.  Forces  and  Factors  in  Colonial  Expansion 26 

b.  Widening  of  the  European  Horizon 28 

B.  The  Era  of  Discovery  and  Conquest. 

1.  The  Unveiling  of  the  New  World. 

a.  The  Finding  of  Western  Lands 29 

b.  Character  of  the  New  World 30 

c.  Native  Life  in  Hispanic  America 31 

2.  Beginning  of  the  Occupation  of  America. 

a.  First  Stages  in  Colonization 32 

b.  The  Conquest  of  Indian  States 34 

C.  Iberian  Colonies  and  Institutions  in  America. 

1.  Colonial  Government  and  Territorial  Expansion. 

a.  Methods  of  Iberian  Imperial  Control 35 

b.  The  Rise  of  Spanish  Agricultural  Colonies 36 

c.  The  Portuguese  in  Brazil 37 

2.  General  Survey  of  Colonial  Economic  Development. 

a.  Trade  and  Colonial  Competition 39 

b.  Internal  Administration  of  the  Colonies 40 

c.  Labor  Problems  and  Industrial  Progress 41 

3.  Eighteenth  Century  Social  Conditions. 

a.  Religious  Institutions  in  the  Colonies 43 

b.  Phases  of  Social  Evolution 44 

vii 


viii  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

II.   Evolution  of  the  Latin-American  Nations 

A.  The  Struggles  for  Independence.  page 
i.  The  Liberation  of  Spanish  South  America. 

a.  Preliminaries  of  Latin- American  Independence 46 

b.  Early  Phases  of  the  Revolutionary  Movements 47 

c.  The  Final  Series  of  South  American  Revolutions 48 

2.  Minor  Revolutionary  Movements. 

a.  The  Independence  of  Brazil 50 

b.  Revolution  in  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean 51 

3.  The  Establishment  of  Latin- American  Independence. 

a.  Evolution  of  a  Policy  of  American  Isolation 52 

b.  Recognition:  the  Monroe  Doctrine 53 

B.  Rise  of  the  South  American  Republics. 

1.  Rise  of  Progressive  La  tin -American  States. 

a.  The  Development  of  Argentina 55 

b.  The  Progress  of  Brazil 56 

6.  The  Growth  of  Chile 57 

d.  The  National  History  of  Uruguay 59 

2.  Course  of  the  Undeveloped  Republics. 

a.  The  Caribbean  States:  Venezuela  and  Colombia 60 

b.  The  Pacific  States:  Ecuador  and  Peru 61 

c.  The  Interior  States :  Bolivia  and  Paraguay 63 

C.  Course  of  the  Northern  Latin  States  and  Dependencies. 

1.  History  of  the  Continental  Republics. 

a.  Outline  of  Mexican  Evolution 64 

b.  The  Central  American  States 66 

2.  Island  States  and  Colonies. 

a.  The  West  Indian  Republics 67 

b.  Foreign  Colonial  Possessions  in  Latin  America 68 

III.   Latin-American  Problems   and  Collective  Development 
4..  National  Growth  of  Latin- American  States. 
1.   Stages  in  National  Evolution. 

a.  The  Age  of  Dictators,  1826-1852 . .  .• 7c 

b.  The  Struggle  for  Political  Stability,  1852-1876 71 

c.  The  Period  of  National  Progress,  1876-1922 72 


CONTENTS  Lx 

2.  Political  Characteristics  of  Latin-American  States.  page 

V  <*•  Types  of  Latin- American  Government 74 

.  b.  Governmental  Policies  and  Administration 75 

3.  Latin-American  Inter-State  Relations. 

a.  Partial  Disintegration  and  Resultant  Problems 76 

b.  Aspects  of  Inter-State  Difficulties 78 

B.  Contemporary  Latin- American  Social  Conditions. 

1.  Analysis  of  La  tin- American  Society. 

\  a.  The  Social  Structure 79 

.     \b.  Types  of  Social  and  Labor  Problems 81 

*  c.  Aspects  of  Latin-American  Life  and  Customs 82 

2.  Intellectual  and  Cultural  Development. 

—  a.  Problems  and  Progress  in  Education 83 

"j  b.  Attainments  in  General  Culture 85 

c.  Evidences  of  Civic  Spirit 86 

C.  I^atin-American  Economic  and  Industrial  Progress. 

1 .  Types  of  Farming  Activities. 

a.  Plant  Industries  of  the  Tropics 87 

— •  b.  Agricultural  Development  in  Temperate  Regions 88 

c.  Importance  of  Live  Stock  Industries 90 

2.  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Conditions. 

^  a.  Exploitation  of  Natural  Resources 91 

b.  Rise  of  Manufacturing  Industries 92 

IV.  Pan-American  and  International  Relations 
A.   Evolution  of  American  Policies 

1.  Transition  Stages  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

a.  Early  Variations  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine 94 

b.  Phases  of  the  American  Doctrine 95 

2.  The  Caribbean  Policy  of  the  United  States. 

a.  The  Isthmian  Canal  and  Its  Problems 97 

b.  Hegemony  of  the  United  States  in  Central  America. . .  98 

c.  American  Interests  in  the  West  Indies 99 

3.  Recent  Theories  of  Latin-American  Relations. 

a.  European  Attitude  toward  the  American  Doctrine. ...  101 

b.  The  Latin-American  Doctrine 102 

c.  Pan-Americanism 104 


x  LATIN-AMERICAN   HISTORY 

B.  Foreign  Business  and  Trade  Relations.  page 
i.  Factors  in  Latin- American  Trade  Development. 

a.  Monetary  and  Banking  Conditions 105 

b.  La  tin- American  Business  Methods 106 

c.  Features  of  Commercial  Regulation 108 

-\d.  Problems  of  Internal  Communication  and  Transpor- 
tation   109 

e.  Shipping  and  Port  Facilities no 

2.  Survey  of  United  States  Business  Relations. 

— a.  Beginnings  of  Economic  Penetration 112 

^b.  Obstacles  to  American  Commercial  Success 113 

3.  Elements  of  Future  Commercial  Growth. 

a.  Shipping  Methods  in  Latin- American  Trade 114 

b.  Considerations  Essential  to  Commercial  Success 115 

c.  Efforts  toward  Future  Trade  Development 117 

Topics  for  Special  Investigation 119 


SELECTED,   CLASSIFIED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

of  Materials  Relating  to  Latin-American  History 

I.  Works  of  General  Character 

A.  General  Histories  and  Textbooks. 

Akers,  C.  E.,  A  History  of  South  America,  1854-1904.    Dutton,  191 2. 
Bryce,  James,  SoiUh  America:    Observations  and  Impressions.     Mac- 

millan,  1914. 
Cambridge  Modern  History.  10  vols.    Macmillan,  1903-19 10. 
Dawson,  T.  C,  History  of  South  America.  2  vols.    Putnam,  1903, 1904. 
Domville-Fife,   C.  W.,    The  States  of  South  America,   The  Land  of 

Opportunity.  Macmillan,   1920. 
Enock,  C.  R.,  The  Republics  of  South  and  Central  America.    Scribner, 

1013- 

Garcia-Calderon,  F.,  Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress.  Scrib- 
ner,  19 1 8. 

Hale,  A.  B.,  The  South  Americans.     Bobbs-Merrill,  1907. 

Jones,  A.  D.  (trans.),  The  History  of  South  America.    Macmillan.  1899. 

Koebel,  W.  H.,  The  History  of  South  America.    (Lond.)    Black,  1913. 

Latane\  J.  H.,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America.  Doubleday, 
Page,  1920. 

Robertson,  W.  S.,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics.  Apple- 
ton,  1918. 

Shepherd,  W.  R.,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  Nm  World.  Yale  Univ. 
Press,  1920. 

Latin  America.     Holt,  191 7. 

Sweet,  W.  W.,  A  History  of  Latin  America.    Abingdon  Press,    1919. 

B.  Descriptive  Materials. 

1.  Travels  and  Descriptive  Narratives. 
Adams,  A.  A.,  Plateau  People  of  South  America.    Dutton,  1915. 
Adams,  F.  U.,   The  Conquest  of  the  Tropics.  Doubleday,  Page,  1914. 
Ballou,  M.  M.,  Equatorial  America.     Houghton  Mifflin,  1892. 
Bingham,   Hiram,   Across  South  America.    Houghton  Mifflin.  191 1. 


2  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

.Rrady,  *«{?.  ?I.^\S,outh   American   Fights   and   Fighters.     Doubleday, 

Page,   1910. 
\i  jliard,  Arthur^,  J*$nan!fl:    the  Canal,  the  Country,  the  People.    Mac- 

millan,   1914. 
Clemenceau,   Georges,  South  America   Today.     Putnam,   191 1. 
Ford,  I.  N.,  Tropical  America.    Scribner,  1893. 
Forest,  A.  S.,  A  Tour  Through  South  America.     (N.  Y.)  Pott,  191 2. 
Franck,  H.  A.,  Roaming  Through  the  West  Indies.     Century,   1920. 

Vagabonding  Down  the  Andes.     Century,  191 7. 

Keane,  A.  H.   (C.  R.  Markham,  ed.),  Central  and  South  America. 

2  vols.     (Lond.)     Stanford,   1909,   191 1. 
Koebel,  W.  H.,  The  Romance  of  the  River  Plate.     (Lond.)    Ponsonby, 

1914. 
Mozans,  H.  J.  (pseud.),  Along  the  Andes  and  Down  the  Amazon.    Apple- 
ton,  191 1. 

Following  the  Conquistador es.     Appleton,  1910. 

The  Quest  of  El  Dorado.    Appleton,  191 7. 

Through  South  America's  Southland.     Appleton,   191 6. 

Up  the  Orinoco  and  Down  the  Magdalena.     Appleton,    1910. 

Palmer,  Frederick,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems.    (Lond.)  Moffat, 

Yard,   1910. 
Peck,  Annie  S.,  The  South  American  Tour.    Doran,  1913. 
Putnam,   G.  P.,   The  Southland  of  North  America.     Putnam,   1913. 
Ross,  E.  A.,  South  of  Panama.    Century,  1915. 
Ruhl,  Arthur,  The  Other  Americans.    Scribner,  1908. 
Squier,  E.  G.,  Adventures  on  the  Mosquito  Shore.    (N.  Y.)    Worthing- 

ton,  1 891. 
Stephens,  J.  L.,  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan.    Harper,  1848. 
Van  Dyke,  H.  W.,  Through  South  America.     Crowell,  191 2. 

2.  Works  on  Social  and  Cultural  Conditions. 

Babson,  R.  W.,  The  Future  of  South  America.    Little,  Brown,  191 5. 
Blakeslee,  G.  H.  (ed.),  Latin  America.    Clark  Univ.  Press,  1914. 
Brandon,  E.    E.,  Latin-American    Universities    and    Special  Schools. 

Washington,  Gov't  Print.  Ofif.,  1913. 
Coester,  A.  L.,  The  Literary  History  of  Latin  America.   Macmillan,  1916. 
Koebel,  W.  H.,  The  South  Americans.    Dodd,  Mead,  1915. 
Lamborn,  R.  H.,  Mexican  Paintings  and  Painters.    (Phila.)  Allen,  1891. 
Mulhall,  M.  G.,  The  English  in  South  America.    (Lond.)  Stanford,  1878. 
Neely,  T.  B.,  South  America:  Its  Missionary  Problem.    (N.  Y.)  Y.  P. 

Missionary  Movement,  1910. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  3 

Speer,  R.  E.,  Missions  and  Modern  History.  2  vols.  (N.  Y.)  Revell, 
1004. 

South  American  Problems.  (N.  Y.)  Student  Volunteer  Move- 
ment, IQI7- 

3.   Atlases,  Guides,  and  Works  on  Geography. 

Adams,  C.  C,  Textbook  of  Commercial  Geography.    Appleton,  191 1. 
Bartholomew,  J.  G.,  An  Atlas  of  Economic  Geography.  Oxford  Univ. 
Press,  1 914. 

Atlas  of  the  World's  Commerce.     (Lond.)  Newnes.     1907. 

A  Literary  and  Historical  Atlas  of  America.    (Lond.)  Dent,  191 1. 

Bowman,  Israel,  South  A  merica,  a  Geography  Reader.    Rand,  McNally, 

1015- 
Brigham,  A.  P.,  Commercial  Geography.    Ginn,  191 1. 
Chisholm,  G.  G.,  Handbook  of  Commercial  Geography.    Longmans,  191 1. 
Finch,  V.  C,  and  Baker,  O.  E.,  Geography  of  the  World's  Agriculture. 

U.  S.  Dep't  of  Agriculture,  191 7. 
Hale,  Albert,  Practical  Guide  to  South  America.    Small,  Maynard,  1909. 
Hirst,  W.  A.,  Guide  to  South  America.     Macmillan,  1910. 
Keane,  A.  H.,  Stanford's  Compendium  of  Geography  and  Travel.  2  vols. 

(Lond.)  Stanford,     1909,   191 1. 
Muir,  Ramsay,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas.     (N.  Y.)  Hammond, 

1914. 
Shepherd,  W.  R.,  An  Historical  Atlas.    Holt,  192 1. 
Terry,  T.  P.,  Terry's  Mexico.     Houghton,  1909. 
Universal  Atlas  of  the  World.     Rand,  McNally,  1914. 

C.   Books  on  Periods  of  Latin-American  History. 
1.  The  European  Background. 

Busk,  Mrs.  M.  M.,  History  of  Spain  and  Portugal.     London,  1833. 

Chapman,  C.  E.,  History  of  Spain.     Macmillan,  1918. 
•        Cheyney,  E.  P.,  European  Background  of  American  History.    Harper, 
1904. 

Ellis,  Havelock,  The  Soul  of  Spain.    Houghton,  1908. 

Grant,  Madison,  The  Passing  of  the  Great  Race.    Scribner,  1916. 

Hale,  E.  E.,  and  Susan,  Spain.     Putnam,  1898. 

Hume,  M.  A.  S.,  Spain:  Its  Greatness  and  Decay  {147 9-17 88).  Cam- 
bridge Univ.  Press,  1899. 

The  Spanish  People.    Appleton,  1901. 

Lane-Poole,  Stanley,  The  Moors  in  Spain.    Putnam,  191 1. 


LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Lea,  H.  C,  A  History  of  the  Inquisition  in  Spain.  4  vols.  Macmillan, 
1906-1907. 

The  Moriscos  of  Spain.     (Phila.)  Lea  Bros.,   1001. 

Merriman,  R.  B.,  The  Rise  of  the  Spanish  Empire.  2  vols.  Mac- 
millan, 1918. 

Stephens,  H.  M.,  The  Story  of  Portugal.     Putnam,  1901. 

Watts,  H.  E.,  The  Christian  Recovery  of  Spain.    Putnam,  1901. 

2.  Aboriginal  America. 

Adams,  W.  H.  D.,  The  Land  of  the  Incas.    (Bost.)  Dana,  Estes,  1875. 

Ballou,  M.  M.,  Aztec  Land.    Houghton  Mifflin,  1890. 

Bingham,  Hiram,    In  the  Wonderland  of  Peru.    National  Geographic 

Magazine,  XXIV,  1913. 
Church,  G.  E.,  Aborigines  of  South  America.     (Lond.)  Chapman  and 

Hall,  191 2. 
Hrdlicka,  Ales,  Early  Man  in  South  America.     (Wash.)   Gov't  Print. 

Off.,  1912. 
Huntington,    Ellsworth,      The    Red    Man's    Continent.    Yale  Univ. 

Press,    1920. 
Janvier,  T.  A.,  Legends  of  the  City  of  Mexico.     Harper,  1910. 
Joyce,     T.    A.,    Central    American    and     West    Indian    Archaeology. 

Putnam,   191 6. 

Mexican  Archaeology.     Putnam,  1914. 

South  American  Archaeology.     Putnam,   191 2. 

Markham,  Sir  C.  R.,  The  Incas  of  Peru.  (Lond.)  Smith,  Elder,  1910. 
Maudslay,  Anne  Cary,  A  Glimpse  at  Guatemala.  (Lond.),  Murray,  1899. 
Spence,  Lewis,   The  Civilization  of  Ancient  Mexico.     Putnam,  191 2. 

The  Myths  of  Mexico  and  Peru.     (Lond.)  Harrap,  1913. 

Squier,  E.  G.,  Travel  and  Exploration  in  the  Land  of  the  Incas.  Harper, 

1877. 
Winsor,  Justin,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.     (8  vols.) 

Vol.  I,  Houghton  Mifflin,  1889. 

3.  The  Era  of  Discovery  and  Exploration. 

Abbott,  W.  C,  Expansion  of  Europe.  2  vols.    Holt,  1918. 

Bates,    Lindon,    Jr.,    The    Path    of   the    Conquistadores.    Houghton 

Mifflin,   191 2. 
Bourne,  E.  G.,  Spain  in  America,  1450-1580.    Harper,  1906. 
Chapman,  C.  E.,  The  Founding  of  Spanish  California.    Macmillan,  1916. 
Fiske,  John,  The  Discovery  of  America.  2  vols.  Houghton  Mifflin,  1895. 
Gilman,   Arthur,   Tales  of  the  Pathfinders.     (Bost.)  Lothrop,   1884. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  5 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur,  The  Spanish  Conquest  in  America.  4  vols.  (N.  Y.) 
Lane,  1900-1904. 

Lummis,  C.  F.,  The  Spanish  Pioneers.    McClurg,  1893. 

MacNutt,  F.  A.,  Fernando  Cortes  and  the  Conquest  of  Mexico.  1485- 
1547.    Putnam,  1909. 

Markham,  Sir  C.  R.,  The  Conquest  of  New  Granada.  (Lond.)  Smith,  Elder. 

Oliveira  Martins,  J.  P.  (Abraham,  J.  J.,  and  Reynolds,  W.  E.,  trans.), 
The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator.  (Lond.)  Chapman 
&  Hall,  1914. 

Prescott,  W.  H.,  The  Conquest  of  Mexico.    3  vols.    Harper,  1843. 

The  Conquest  of  Peru.     2  vols.    Harper,  1847. 

Richman,  I.  B.,  The  Spanish  Conquerors.    Yale  Univ.  Press.    1918. 

Stephens,  Kate,  The  Mastering  of  Mexico.    Macmillan,  1916. 

Young,  Filson,  Christopher  Columbus  and  the  New  World  of  His  Dis- 
covery.    2  vols.     Lippincott,  1906. 

4.  The  Colonial  Era. 

Bolton,  H.  E.,  The  Spanish  Borderlands.  Yale  Univ.  Press,  1921. 
Bolton,  H.  E.,  and  Marshall,  T.  M.,  The  Colonization  of  North  America, 

14Q2-1783.     Macmillan,  1920. 
Chapman,  C.  E.,  The  Northwest  Expansion  of  New  Spain,  1687-1783. 

Macmillan,  1916. 
Graham,  R.  B.  Cunninghame,  A  Vanished  Arcadia.     (N.  Y.)  Heine- 

mann,  1901. 
Haring,  C.  H.,  The  Buccaneers  in  the  West  Indies  in  the  XVII  Century. 

Dutton,  1910. 
Ireland,   Alleyne,    Tropical  Colonization.     Macmillan,    1899. 
Keller,  A.  G.,  Colonization.    Ginn,  1908. 
Klein,  Julius,    Tite  Mesta.     A   Study    in  Spanish  Economic  History, 

1273-1836.     Harvard  Univ.  Press,  1920  . 
Latimer,  Elizabeth  W.,  Spain    in    the    Nineteenth    Century.     (Chi.) 

McClurg,  1897. 
Lea,  H.  C,  The  Inquisition  in  the  Spanish  Dependencies.    Macmillan. 
Lowery,  Woodbury,    The  Spanish  Settlements  in  the   United  Stales. 

2  vols.    Putnam,  191 1. 
Mitr6  Bartolome\   (Wm.  Pilling,  trans.),   The  Emancipation  of  South 

America.  (Lond.)  Chapman  &  Hall,  1893. 
Morris,   H.   C,   History  of  Colonization.     Macmillan,    1904. 
Moses,  Bernard,  The  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America.    2  vols. 

Putnam,  1898. 
South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation.     Putnam,   1908. 


6  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Moses,  Bernard,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America.  2  vols. 
Harper,  1914. 

Muir,  Ramsay,  TJie  Expansion  of  Europe.  Houghton  Mifflin,  1919. 

Payne,  E.  H.,  History  of  European  Colonization.     Macmillan,  1889. 

Rodway,  James,  The  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  Main.    Putnam,  1896. 

Roscher,  W.  G.  F.,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System.    Holt,  1904. 

Watson,  G.  R.,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America.  2  vols.  Lon- 
don, 1884. 

Winsor,  Justin,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.  8  vols. 
Houghton  Mifflin,  1889. 

II.  Works  on  State  and  Sectional  Development 
A.  Histories  of  Individual  Republics. 

1.  Argentina. 

Hammerton,  F.  A.,  The  Real  Argentina.    Dodd,  Mead,  1914. 

Hirst,  W.  A.,  Argentina.     Scribner,   1910. 

Koebel,  W.  H.,  Argentina,  Past  and  Present.     Dodd,  Mead,  1910. 

Modern    Argentina.      (Lond.)    Griffiths,    1907. 

Martinez,  A.  B.,  and  Lewandowski,  M.,  The  Argentine  in  the  20th  Cen- 
tury.   (Lond.)  Unwin,  1915. 
Mills,  G.  J.,  Argentina.    Appleton,  1915. 
Pennington,  A.   S.,   The  Argentine  Republic.     Stokes,  1910. 
Winter,  N.  O.,  Argentina  and  Her  People  of  Today.    Page,  1910. 

2.  Bolivia. 

Schurz,  W.  L.,  Bolivia,  A  Commercial  and  Industrial  Handbook.  (Wash.) 

Gov't  Print.   Off.,  192 1. 
Walle,  Paul,  Bolivia.     Scribner,  1914. 
Wright,  Marie  H.,  Bolivia.     (Phila.)  Barrie,  1907. 

3.  Brazil. 

Bruce,  G.  J.,  Brazil  and  the  Brazilians.    Dodd,  Mead,  1914. 
Buley,  E.  C,  North  Brazil.     Appleton,   1914. 

South  Brazil.     Appleton,  1914. 

Denis,  P.,  Brazil.     Scribner,  191 1. 

Domville-Fife,  C.  W.,  The  United  States  of  Brazil.    (Lond.)  Griffiths, 

1910. 
Elliott,  L.  E.,  Brazil  Today  and  Tomorrow.    Macmillan,  1918. 
Oliveira  Lima,  Manuel  de,  Evolution  of  Brazil.    Stanford  Univ.  Press, 

1914. 
Winter,  N.  O.,  Brazil  and  Her  People  of  Today.    Page,  1910. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  7 

4.  Chile. 

Elliott,  G.  F.  S.,  Chile.    Scribner,  1907. 
Hancock,  H.  V.,  A  History  of  Chile.    (Chi.)  Sergei,  1893. 
Koebel,  W.  H.,  Modern  Chile.    Macmillan,  1914. 
Maitland,  F.  J.  G.,  Chile.     (Lond.)  Griffiths,  1914. 
Mansfield,  R.  E.,  Progressive  Chile.    (N.  Y.)  Meade,  1913. 
Mills,  G.  J.,  Chile.    Appleton,  1914. 

Perez  Canto,  Julio,  Chile:    an  Account  of  Its  Wealth  and  Progress. 
(Lond.)  Routledge,  191 2. 

5.  Colombia. 

Eder,  P.  J.,  Colombia.    Scribner,  1913. 

Levine,  V.,  Colombia.     Appleton,   1914. 

Petre,  F.  L.,  The  Republic  of  Colombia.     (Lond.)  Stanford,  1906. 

6.  Costa  Rica. 

Calvo,    Joaquin     Bernardo,    The    Republic   of    Costa    Rica.     Rand, 

McNally,  1890. 
G6mez  Villafranca,  Roman,  Costa  Rica.     1908. 
Guardia,  R.  F.,  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Conquest  of  Costa  Rica. 

Crowell,  1913. 

7.  Cuba. 

Forbes-Lindsay,  C.  H.,  Cuba  and  Her  People  of  Today.    Page,  19 10. 
Quesada,  Gonzalo  de,  Cuba.     (Wash.)  Gov't  Print.  Off.,  1005. 
Robinson,  A.  G.,  Cuba,  Old  and  New.     Longmans,     191 5. 
Verrill,  A.  H.,  Cuba,  Past  and  Present.     Dodd,  Mead,  1914. 
Wright,  Irene  A.,  Cuba.    Macmillan,  1910. 

8.  Ecuador. 

Enock,  C.  R.,  Ecuador.    Scribner,  1914. 

9.  Guatemala. 

Brigham,  W.  T.,  Guatemala.     Scribner,  1887. 

Winter,  N.  O.,  Guatemala  and  Her  People  of  Today.    Page,  1909. 

10.  Haiti. 

Leger,  J.  N.,  Haiti,  Her  History  and  Her  Detractors.  (N.  Y.)  Neale,  1907. 
Prichard,  Hesketh,  Where  Black  Rules  White.    (Lond.)  Smith,  Elder, 

1884. 
St.  John,  Sir   Spencer.    Haiti,  the  Black  Republic.     (Lond.)  Smith, 

Elder,  1884. 


LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

ii.  Honduras. 

Neville,  Edward  (ed.),  The  Republic  of  Honduras.  Dun's  Interna- 
tional Review. 

Squier,  E.  G.,  Honduras,  Descriptive,  Historical,  and  Statistical.  (Lond.) 
Triibner,  1870.  .       ' 

12.  Mexico. 

Barron,  C.  W.,   The  Mexican  Problem.    Houghton  Mifflin,  191 7. 

Bancroft,  H.  H.,  The  History  of  Mexico.    The  Bancroft  Co.,  1914. 

Carson,  W.  E.,  Mexico,  the  Wonderland  of  the  South.  Macmillan,  1914. 

Enock,  C.  R.,  Mexico.    Scribner,  1909. 

Fyfe,  Hamilton,  The  Real  Mexico.     McBride,  Nast,  1914. 

Hale,  Susan,  The  Story  of  Mexico.    Putnam,  191 1. 

MacHugh,  R.  J.,  Modern  Mexico.     Dodd,  Mead,  1914. 

Martin,  P.  F.,  Mexico  of  the  Twentieth  Century.    Dodd,  Mead,  1907. 

Morris,  Charles.     The  Story  of  Mexico.     Winston,  1914. 

Noll,  A.  H.,  A  Short  History  of  Mexico.    McClurg,  1890. 

Reed,   John,   Insurgent  Mexico.     Appleton,  1914. 

Trowbridge,  E.  J.,  Mexico,  Today  and  Tomorrow.     Macmillan,  1919. 

Winter,  N.  O.,  Mexico  and  Her  People  of  Today.    Page,  1910. 

13.  Nicaragua. 

Stout,  P.  F.,  Nicaragua,  Past,  Present  and  Future.  (Phila.)  Potter, 
1859. 

14.  Panama. 

Abbot,  W.  J.,  Panama  and  the  Canal.     Dodd,  Mead,  19 14. 

Bishop,  Farnham,  Panama,  Past  and  Present.     Century,  1913. 

Bunau-Varilla,  Philippe,  The  Great  Adventure  of  Pafiama.  Double- 
day,  Page,  1920. 

Forbes-Lindsay,  C.  H.,  Panama  and  the  Canal  Today.    Page,  1913. 

Gause,  F.  A.,  and  Carr,  C.  C,  The  Story  of  Panama.  Silver,  Burdett, 
1912. 

15.  Paraguay. 

Koebel,  W.  H.,  Paraguay.     Scribner,  191 7. 

Washburn,  C.  A.,  The  History  of  Paraguay.  (N.  Y.  )  Lee,  Shepard 
&  Dillingham,  1871. 

16.  Peru. 

Enock,  C.  R.,  Peru.    Scribner,  1908. 

Markham,  Q,  RfJ  A  History  of  Peru.    Sergei,  1892. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  9 

Martin,  P.  F.,  Peru  of  the  Twentieth  Century.    Longmans,  191 1. 
Vivian,  E.  C,  Peru.    Appleton,  1914. 

17.  Salvador. 

Martin,  P.  F.,  Salvador  of  the  Twentieth  Century.    Longmans,  191 1. 

18.  Santo  Domingo. 

Hazard,  Samuel,  SatUo  Domingo,  Past  and  Present.     Harper,   1873 

Schonrich,   Otto,   Santo   Domingo.     Macmillan,    1918. 

Stoddard,  T.  L.,    The  French  Revolution  in  San  Domingo.    Houghton 

Mifflin,  1914. 
Verrill,  A.  H.,  Porto  Rico,  Past  and  Present,  and  Santo  Domingo.    Dodd, 

Mead,  19 14. 

19.  Uruguay. 

Domville-Fife,  C.  W.,  A  Chapter  in  the  United  States  oj  Brazil.    (N.  Y.) 

Pott,  191 1. 
Koebel,  W.  H.,  Uruguay.    Scribner,  1915. 

20.  Venezuela. 

Dalton,  L.  V.,  Venezuela.    Scribner,  191 2. 

Goiticoa,  N.  Veloz,  Venezuela,  (Wash.)  Gov't  Print.  Off.,  1904. 

B.  Histories  of  Sectional  Development. 

Aspinwall,  A.  E.,  The  British  West  Indies.    Little,  Brown,  191 2. 
Bancroft,  H.  H.,  The  History  of  Central  America.    3  vols.    (S.  Fran.) 

Bancroft,   1883-1887. 
Domville-Fife,  C.  W.,  Guatemala  and  the  Stales  of  Central  America. 

(Lond.)  Griffiths,  1913. 
Enock,  C.  R.,  The  Tropics.     Scribner,  1915. 
Eves,  C.  W.,  The  West  Indies.     (Lond.)    Low,  1889. 
Hill,  R.  F.,  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  with  Other  Islands.    Century,  1898. 
Koebel,  W.  H.,  Central  America.    Scribner,  191 7. 

South   America.     Scribner,    1919. 

Munro,  D.  C,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America.    Oxford  Univ. 

Press,  1918. 
Palmer,  Frederick,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems.    (Lond.)  Moffat, 

Yard,  19 10. 
Porter,  R.  P.,  The  Ten  Republics.     Rand,  McNally,  191 1. 
Rodway,  James,  Guiana:  British,  French,  and  Dutch.    Scribner,  191 2. 
Ross,  Gordon,  Argentina  and  Uruguay.     Macmillan,   1916. 
Rowe,  L.  S.,  The  United  States  and  Porto  Rico.    Longmans,  1904. 


io  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Scruggs,  W.  L.,  The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics.     Little, 

Brown,  1900. 
Squier,  E.  G.,  The  States  of  Central  America.    Harper,  1858. 
Verrill,  A.  H.,  The  Book  of  the  West  Indies.    Dutton,  191 7. 
The    Colombian    and    Venezuelan    Republics.      Dutton,    1910. 


Costa  Rica,  Past  and  Present,  and  Santo  Domingo.    Dodd,  Mead, 

1914. 
Westergaard,  Waldemar,  The  Danish  West  Indies.    Macmillan,  191 7. 

III.  Special  Phases  of  Latin-American  History 

A.  Political  and  Diplomatic  History. 

1.  United  States  Diplomacy  and  National  Policy. 
Abbott,  J.  F.,  Japanese  Expansion  and  American  Policies.     Macmillan, 

1916. 
Barcom,  C.  W.,  The  Mexican  Problem.     Houghton  Mifflin,  191 7. 
Bonsai,  Stephen,  The  American  Mediterranean.    Moffat,  Yard,  191 2. 
Channing,  Edward,  History  of  the  United  States.    5  vols.    Macmillan, 

1905-1921. 
Coolidge,  A.  C,  The  United  States  as  a  World  Power.    Macmillan, 

1908. 
Crichfield,  G.  W.,  American  Supremacy.     2  vols.    Brentano,   1908. 
Fish,  C.  R.,  American  Diplomacy.    Holt,  1916. 
Foster,   J.  W.,    A    Century    of    American    Diplomacy.      Houghton 

Mifflin,   1900. 
Fullerton,  W.  M.,  Problems  of  Power.     Scribner,  1915. 
Goebel,  J.  L.,  The  Recognition  Policy  of  the  United  States.    Columbia 

University  Studies,  1915. 
Henderson,  J.  B.,  Jr.,  American  Diplomatic  Questions.  Macmillan,  1901. 
Hodges,  H.  G.,  The  Doctrine  of  Intervention.      (Princeton)  The  Ban- 
ner Press,  1915. 
Latane,  J.  H.,  America  as  a  World  Power,  1897-1917.    Harper,  191 7. 
McLaughlin,  A.  C,  America  and  Britain.     Dutton,  1918. 
Moore,  J.  B.,  Principles  of  American  Diplomacy.    Harper,  1918. 
Ogg,  F.  A.,  National  Progress,  1907-1917.    Harper,  191 7. 
Powers,  H.  H.,  America  Among  the  Nations.    Macmillan,  191 7. 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  Fear  God  and  Take  Your  Own  Part.   Doran,  1916. 
Schuyler,    Eugene,   American  Diplomacy.     Scribner,    1895. 
Weyl,  W.  E.,  American  World  Policies.     Macmillan,  191 7. 
Williams,  Mary  W.,  Anglo-American  Isthmian  Diplomacy.     (Balto.) 

Lord  Press,  1916. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  n 

2.  Inter-State  and  Inter-American  Relations. 

Blakeslee,  G.  H.  (ed.),  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean.  (Clark  University 
Addresses).    Stechert,  1920. 

Borchard,  Stephen,  The  American  Mediterranean.    Moffat,  Yard,  191 2. 

Calderon-Cousino,  Adolfo,  Short  Diplomatic  History  of  Chilean-Peru- 
vian Relations,  1819-1879.  (Santiago  de  Chile)  Impr.  Universitaria, 
1920. 

Chadwick,  Admiral  F.  E.,  The  Relations  of  the  United  States  and  Spain. 
3  vols.    Scribner,  1 909-1 911. 

Goldsmith,  P.  H.  (trans.),  South  American  Opinions  on  the  War.  Car- 
negie End.  for  Int.  Con.,  191 7. 

Jones,  C.  L.,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States.    Appleton,  1916. 

Kirkpatrick,  F.  A.,  South  America  and  the  War.  Cambridge  Univ. 
Press,  1918. 

Latanc,  J.  H.,  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  United  States  and  Spanish 
America.    Johns  Hopkins  Press,  1000. 

The  United  States  and  Latin  America.    Doubleday,  Page,  1920. 

Mansfield,  E.  C,  History  of  the  War  with  Mexico.    N.  Y.,  1849. 

Markham,  Sir  C.  R.,  The  War  between  Peru  and  Chile,  1879-1882. 
(Lond.)  Low,  Marston,  1882. 

Maurtua,  Victor  M.,  The  Question  of  the  Pacific.    Harper,  1919. 

Reyes,  Rafael,  The  Two  Americas.    Stokes,  1914. 

Robertson,  W.  S.,  The  Beginnings  of  Spanish- American  Diplomacy. 
Holt,  1910. 

Rocuant,  E.,  (H.  E.  Swinglehurst,  trans.),  Tttc  Neutrality  of  Chile. 
(Valparaiso)   Soc.   imprenta  y  litograffa  universo,   1919. 

Salas-Edwards,  Ricardo,  The  Liquidation  of  the  War  on  the  Pacific. 
(Lond.),  Dunlop,  1000. 

Scruggs,  W.  O.,  Filibusters  and  Financiers.     Macmillan,   1916. 

Smith,  J.  H.,  The  War  with  Mexico,  1846-1848.     Macmillan,  1919. 

Stevenson,  N.  W.,  Texas  and  the  Mexican  War.  Yale  Univ.  Press,  1918. 

Verrill,  A.  H.,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America.     Dutton,  1918. 

3.  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  Pan- Americanism. 

Barrett,  John,  Pan-America  and  Pan- Americanism.     Harper,  1915. 

Bigelow,  John,  American  Policy:  the  Western  Hemisphere  in  Its  Re- 
lation to  the  Eastern.     Scribner,  1914. 

Bingham,  Hiram,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  an  Obsolete  Shibboleth.  Yale 
Univ.  Press,  1913. 

Blakeslee,  G.  H.  (ed.),  Latin  America;  (Clark  University  Addresses). 
Stechert,  TQ14. 


12  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Chandler,   C.  L.,  I  titer- American  Acquaintances.     (Sewanee,  Tenn.J 

University  Press,  191 7. 
Edgington,  T.  B.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine.    Little,  Brown,  1905. 
Hall,  A.  B.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Great  War.    McClurg,  1920. 
Hart,  A.  B.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  an  Interpretation.    Little,  Brown, 

1917. 
Hull,  W.  L,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  National  or  International?    Putnam, 

1915. 
Lockey,  J.  B.,  Pan- Americanism;  Its  Beginnings.     Macmillan,  1920. 
MacCorkle,  W.  A.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  in  Its  Relation  to  the  Republic 

of  Haiti.    (N.  Y.)  Neale,  1915. 
Paxson,  F.  L.,  The  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics. 

(Phila.)  Ferris  and  Leach,  1903. 
Reddaway,  W.  F.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine.    Cambridge  Univ.  Press,  1898. 
Root,  Elihu,  Miscellaneous  Addresses.     Harvard  Univ.  Press,   1917. 
Tucker,  G.  F.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine:   Its  Origin  and  Growth.    (Bost.) 

Reed,  1885. 
Usher,  R.  G.,  Pan- Americanism.    Century,  1915. 

B.  Economic  Conditions,  Problems,  and  Development. 

1.   Miscellaneous  Works  Touching  Latin- American  Trade. 

Barrett,  John,  Latin  America,  the  Land  of  Opportunity.    International 

Bureau  of  American  Republics,  1909. 
Blakeslee,   G.  H.    (ed.),  Latin  America.    (Clark  Univ.  Addresses). 

Stechert,  1914. 
Brooks,  H.  K.,  Foreign  Exchange.     (N.  Y.)  Delbridge,  1906. 
Cattell,  E.  J.,  and  Others  (eds.),  Foreign  Commercial  Guide:    South 

America.     Phila.   Commercial  Museum,   1906. 
Cooper,  C.  J.,  Understanding  South  America.     Doran,  1909. 
Cosby,  T.,  Latin-American  Monetary  and  Exchange  Conditions.    (N.  Y.) 

National  City  Bank. 
Koebel,  W.  H.,  The  South  Americans.    Dodd,  Mead,  1915. 
Miller,  B.  L.,  and  Singe wald,  J.  T.,  The  Mineral  Deposits  of  South 

America.     McGraw,  Hill,  1919. 
Pearson,  H.  C,  The  Rubber  Country  of  the  Amazon.     (N.  Y.)    India 

Rubber  World,  1911. 
Savay,  Norbert,  Principles  of  Foreign  Trade.     (N.  Y.)   Ronald  Press, 

1919. 
Verrill,  A.  H.,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions.    Dodd, 

Mead,  1919. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  13 

2.  United  States  Commercial  Relations  with  Latin- 
.  America. 

Aughinbaugh,  W.  E.,  Selling  Latin  America.    Small,  Maynard,  1920. 

Day,  Clive,  History  of  Commerce.    Macmillan,  1904. 

Filsinger,  E.  B.,  Exporting  to  Latin  America.     Appleton,  1919. 

Trading  with  Latin  America.    Irving  National  Bank,  1918. 

Hough,  Olney,  Practical  Exporting.    Johnston  Export  Pub.  Co.,  1918. 

O'Malley,  Frank,  Our  South  American  Trade  and  Its  Financing.  Na- 
tional City  Bank,  1920. 

Pepper,  C.  M.,  American  Foreign  Trade.     Century,   1919. 

Snyder,  G.  S.,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

Trade  Thoughts  of  the  Two  Americas.  (N.  Y.)  Irving  National  Bank,  1919. 

Vedder,  G.  C,  American  Methods  in  Foreign  Trade.  (N.  Y.)  McGraw, 
Hill,  1  oi<). 

Webster,  W.  C,  General  History  of  Commerce.    Ginn,  1903. 

IV.  Illustrative  and  Supplementary  Materials. 

A.  Primary  Sources  and  Documents. 

Brazil,  Ministry  for  Foreign  Affairs,  The  Brazilian  Green  Book,  1914- 

1917.    (Lond.)  Unwin,  1918. 
Dodd,  W.  F.,  Modern  Constitutions.     2  vols.  Univ.  of  Chicago  Press, 

1909. 
Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States.    (Wash.)  Gov't  Printing  Office, 

annually. 
Hicks,  F.  C|  The  New  World  Order  (Appendices).  Doubleday,  Page,  1920. 
Juan  y  Santacilia,  Jorge,  and  Ulloa,  Antonio  de,  A  Voyage  to  South 

America.     (Lond.),  Davis  &  Reymers,   1760. 
Major,  R.  H.   (trans.),  Select  Letters  of  Christopher  Columbus.    (Lond.) 

The  Hakluyt  Society,  1870. 
Malloy,  W.  M.,  Treaties,  Conventions,  etc.,  between  the  United  States 

and  Other  Powers.     Washington,   1910. 
Maudslay,  A.  P.    (trans.),  The  True  History  of  the  Conquest  of  New 

Spain,  by  Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo.     (Lond.)    The  Hakluyt  Society, 

vol.  V,  1916.     * 
Moses,  Bernard   (trans.),  Constitution  of  the    Republic    of  Colombia. 

(Washington)    Gov't.  Printing  Office,  1903. 
Robinson,  W.  D.,  Memoirs  of  the  Mexican  Revolution.     (Phila.)    The 

Author,  1820. 
Rodriquez,  J.  T.,  American  Constitutions.      2  vols.     (Wash.)   Gov't 

Printing  Office,  1906-1907. 


14  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

B.  Biography. 

Beazley,  C.  R.,  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator.    Putnam,  1895. 
Burke,  U.  R.,  A  Life  of  Benito  Juarez,  Constitutional  President  of  Mexico. 

(Lond.)    Remington,  1894. 
Gilman,  D.  C,  James  Monroe.    Houghton  Mifflin,  1900. 
Guillemard,  F.  H.  H.,    The  Life  of  Ferdinand  Magellan.     (Lond.) 

Philip,  1890. 
Hall,  Frederic,  Life  of  Maximilian  I.    New  York,  1868. 
Jayne,  K.  G.,  Vasco  da  Gama  and  His  Successors.    1460-1580.     (Lond.) 

Methuen,  1910. 
Larrazabal,  Felipe,  The  Life  of  Simon  Bolivar.    (N.  Y.)   Jenkins,  1875. 
MacNutt,  F.  A.,  Bartholomew  de  las  Casas.    Putnam,  1909. 
Major,  R.  H.,  Life  of  Prince  Henry  of  Portugal.    (Lond.)   Asher,  1868. 
Mitre\  Gen.  Don  Bartolome,  History  of  San  Martin.    (Lond.)  Chapman 

&  Hall,  1889. 
Noll,  A.  H.,  and  McMahon,  A.  P.,  The  Life  and  Times  of  Miguel  Hidalgo 

y  Costilla.    McClurg,  1910. 
Petre,  F.  L.,  Simon  Bolivar,  "El  Liber tador.n     (N.  Y.)    Lane,  1910. 
Robertson,  W.  S.,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics  as  Told 

in  the  Lives  of  Their  Liberators.    Appleton,  1918. 
Thacher,  J.  B.,  Christopher  Columbus.     3  vols.  (N.  Y.)    1903-1904. 
Thayer,  H.  R.,  Life  of  John  Hay.    2  vols.    Houghton  Mifflin,  1915. 

C.  Latin-American  Literature. 

1.   Historical  Novels  and  Prose  Literature. 
Aranha,  Joseph  Eraca,  Canaan.     (Bost.)  Four  Seas  Co.,  1914. 
Blasco  Ibanez,  Vicente,  The  Four  Horsemen  of  the  Apocalypse.    Dutton, 

1918. 

The  Shadow  of  the  Cathedral.     Dutton,  1919. 

Blest  Gana,  Albert,  Martin  Rivas.     Knopf,  1910. 

Coester,  Alfred,  The  Literary  History  of  South  America.    Macmillan, 

1917. 
Isaacs,  Jorge,  Maria.    Macmillan,  1921. 
Marmol,  Jose,  Amalia.    Macmillan,  1919. 
Starr,  Frederick,    Readings  from  Modern  Mexican  Authors.     (Cbi.) 

Open  Court,  1904. 
Turrell,   C.  A.,  Spanish- American  Short  Stories.     Macmillan,   1920. 

2.  Latin- American  Poetry  and  Drama. 

Calderon,    Fernando,    Eight   Dramas.      (Edward   Fitzgerald,    trans.) 
London,  T906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  15 

Bierstadt,  Albert  (ed.),  Three  Plays  from  Argentina.    (N.  Y.)  Duffield, 

1920. 
Hills,  E.  C,  and  Morley,  S.  G.,  Modern  Spanish  Lyrics.    Holt,  1913. 

D.  Periodicals  and  Current  Publications. 

1.   Brief  List  of  Papers  and  Periodicals,  Dealing  with  Latin 
America. 

American  Exporter.     Monthly.     Johnston    Export    Publishing   Co., 
N.Y. 
»  American   Historical   Review.     Quarterly.     Organ   of   the   American 

Historical  Association.     Published  by  The  Macmillan  Co.,  N.  Y. 
s  American   Journal   of   International   Law:    Supplement.      Quarterly 
Organ  of  the  American  Society  of  International  Law.     Published 
by  Baker,  Voorhis  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
v  American  Political  Science  Review.    Quarterly.    Organ  of  the  American 
Political  Science  Association,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Americas  (The).  Monthly.  Foreign  Department,  National  City 
Bank,  N.  Y. 

Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science.  Bi- 
monthly. Issued  by  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  Concord,  N.  H. 

Bulletin  of  the  Pan-American  Union.  Monthly.  Issued  by  the  Pan- 
American  Union,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Commerce  Reports.  Daily.  Issued  by  the  Department  of  Commerce, 
Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Commercial  America.  Monthly.  Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Hispanic  American  Historical  Review.  Quarterly.  Published  for 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  The  Review  by  Williams  and  Wilkins 
Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Inter-America.  A  monthly  magazine.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co., 
Garden  City,  N.Y. 

International  Conciliation.  Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  International  Conciliation,  N.  Y. 

Journal  of  International  Relations.  (Journal  of  Race  Development.) 
Quarterly.    Worcester,  Mass. 

League  of  Nations.  Bi-monthly  bulletin.  World  Peace  Foundation, 
Boston. 

London  Times.    (South  American  Supplement.)    Daily. 

New  York  Commercial.    Daily. 


i6  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Pan-American  Magazine.    Monthly.     The  Pan-American  Magazine, 

Inc.,  N.  Y. 
Political  Science  Quarterly.     Published  tri-monthly  by  the  Academy 

of  Political  Science,  Columbia  University,  N.  Y. 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics.    Published  tri-monthly  by  the  Harvard 

University  Press,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
South  American  (The).     Monthly.     Issued  by  the  South  American 

Publishing  Co.,  Inc.,  N.  Y. 

2.  Yearbooks,  Commercial  Guides,  etc. 
American  Yearbook  (The).     Appleton  &  Co.,  N.  Y. 
Annual  Report  of  the  Council  of  the  Corporation  of  Foreign  Bond-holders. 

London. 
Bureau  of  Foreign    and    Domestic    Commerce,    Trade    Directories. 

Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Cattell,  E.  J.,  and  Others   (eds.),  Foreign  Commercial  Guide:    South 

America.    Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1906. 
Directory  of  Latin  America.    Universal  Publicity  Co.,  N.  Y. 
Exporters'  Encyclopedia.     Exporters'   Encyclopedia  Co.,  N.  Y. 
Export  Trade  Directory.     The  American  Exporter,  N.  Y. 
National  Foreign  Trade  Conventions,  Accounts  of  Proceedings.    Issued 

for  the  years  1914-1919  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Convention,  N.  Y. 
Pan-American  Directory.  Pan-American  Directory  Corporation,  N.  Y. 
Proceedings  of  the  International  Trade  Conference.    National  Association 

of  Manufacturers,  N.  Y.,  1915. 
Reports  of  the  Pan-American  Commercial  Conferences.     Published  for 

the  years  191 1,  1919.     Government  Printing  Office,  Washington, 

D.  C,  1912,  1920. 
South  American  Year  Book.     L.  Cassier  &  Co.,    London. 
Wilcox,  M.  and  Rines,  G.  E.  (eds.),    Encyclopedia  of  Latin  America. 

The  Encyclopedia  Americana   Corp.,    191 7. 

E.  Further  Bibliographical  Suggestions. 

1.   General  Phases  of  Latin- American  Development. 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  I,  pp.  693-699;   vol.  X,  pp.  812-826; 

vol.  XII,  pp.  949-953- 
Cundall,  F.,  Bibliography  of  the  West  Indies  (Excluding  Jamaica). 

Kingston,  1909. 
Goldsmith,  P.  H.,  Brief  Bibliography  of  Books  Relating  to  Latin-American 
Republics.    Macmillan,  1915. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  17 

Jones,  C.  K  ,  Hispanic  American  Bibliographies.    Hispanic  American 

Historical  Review,  vols.  Ill,  IV. 
Koebel,  J.  H.,  British  Exploits  in  South  America,     pp.  555-569. 
[Also  see  Indexes  to  articles  in  current  publications:  e.g.,  "Poole's,." 

"Reader's  Guide,"  etc.] 

2.  United  States  Political  Relations  with  Latin  America. 
Hart,  A.  B.,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  An  Interpretation,  pp.  405-421. 
Haase,  A.  R.,  Index  to  United  States  Documents  Relating  to  Foreign 

Affairs.     Carnegie  Institute,  1914. 
Jones,  C.  L.,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,     pp.  353-358. 
Meyer,  H.  H.  B.,  List  of  References  on  the  Monroe  Dclrine.      (Wash.) 

Gov't  Print.  Off.,  1919. 

3.  United  States  Commercial  and  Business  Relations  with 

Latin  America. 

Filsinger,  E.  B.,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,    pp.  465-498. 

Shuey,  H.  S.,  Bibliography  of  Foreign  Trade  Publications.     (S.  Fran.) 
Bosch,  1 91 8. 

United  States  Department  of  Commerce,  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Do- 
mestic Commerce,  Catalogue  of  Bureau  Publications.  (Wash.) 
Gov't  Print.  Off.,  1920. 


LIST  OF  OUTLINE  MAPS 
AND  SUGGESTIONS  FOR   USE 

I.  The  European  Background  of  Hispanic-American 
History,  facing  p.   28. 

To  show:1 

Racial  elements  in  the  Iberian  peninsula 
Political  evolution  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
Geographic,  economic,  and  ethnographic  conditions 
Principal  Hispanic  ports;  etc. 

Map  references:2 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  p.  15. 
Cheyney ,  European  Background  of  A  merican  History,  p.  80. 
Dow,  Atlas  of  European  History,  pp.  2,  4,  5,  6,  8,  9,  15,  etc. 
Grant,  Passing  of  the  Great  Race,  pp.  266-272. 
Muir,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  1-4,  6-9,  18-19. 
Putzger,  Historischer  Schul- Atlas,  pp.  2,  3,  9,  12,  13,  16,  17,  20. 
Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  2,  34,  38,  45,  54,  82,  83. 

II.  The  Field  of  Discovery  and  Conquest,  facing  p.  34. 

To  show: 

Native  peoples  in  the  New  World 
Early  voyages  of  discovery 

1  These  and  subsequent  suggestions  are  given  to  indicate  but  a  few  of 
the  several  ways  in  which  the  accompanying  outline  maps  may  be  employed. 
The  maps  may  be  prepared  to  show  any  one  of  the  features  here  proposed, 
or  several  of  them,  or  other  phases  of  Hispanic-American  development  not 
mentioned. 

2  It  is  practically  impossible  to  give  a  complete  list  of  maps  suitable  for 
study  or  use  in  preparing  the  outline  maps  according  to  specifications. 
Many  of  the  best  maps  for  special  purposes  are  to  be  found  in  periodicals 
and  bulletins.  Those  cited  here  are  more  or  less  general  in  character,  and  will 
often  have  to  be  supplemented  from  other  sources. 

19 


20  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Papal  Line  of  Demarcation  and  Treaty  of  Torredesillas 
First  Spanish  settlements  in  America 
The  conquest  of  Mexico  and  Peru;  etc. 

Map  references: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.  6,  9, 18,  30, 143, 

etc. 
Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  p.  35. 
Dow,  Atlas  of  European  History,  p.  16. 
Muir,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  46-47. 
Koebel,  South  America,  p.  9. 
Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  105-111. 

III.  Colonial  Expansion  in  America,  facing  p.  44. 
To  show: 

Establishment  of  the  continental  colonies 
Hispanic  colonial  administrative  districts 
Areas  of  missionary  (Jesuit)  activity 
Hispanic  possessions  at  their  greatest  extent 
Principal  centers  of  colonial  population;  etc. 

Map  references: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.  63,  68,  250, 

39o,  399- 
Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  p.  135. 
Dawson,  The  South  American  Republics,  I,  p.  512. 
Muir,  HammonoVs  New  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  47-50,  53,  56. 
Putzger,  Historischer  Schul-Atlas,  pp.  38-39. 
Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  128,  136,  214-215. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  82,  136. 

IV.  The    Revolutionary    Period   in    South    America, 
facing  p.  52. 

To  show: 

Fields  of  filibustering  activity 
Important  fleet  movements 
Revolutionary  campaigns  and  decisive  battles 
Progress  toward  independence;  etc. 


LIST  OF  OUTLINE   MAPS  21 

Map  references: 

Dawson,  T/te  South  American  Republics,  II,  p.  489. 
Dow,  Atlas,  of  European  History,  p.  31. 
Muir,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  51,  58. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  156,  170. 

V.  The  American  Mediterranean,  facing  p.  68. 

To  show: 

The  present  and  proposed  canal  routes 
Economic  conditions  in  the  northern  republics 
United  States'  "protectorates" 
European  colonial  possessions 
Routes  of  trade  and  commerce;  etc. 

Map  references: 

Bowman,  The  New  World,  p.  560. 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  frontispiece. 

Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States. 

Latan6,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  p.  262. 

Muir,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas,  p.  53. 

National  Geographic  Magazine,  xxxiv,  p.  402;  xli,  p.  221. 

Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  181,  187,  201,  213. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  170,  243,  245,  250,  251. 

VI.  Hispanic-American   Political  Development,  facing 
p.  78. 

To  show: 

The  Monroe  Doctrine 
Types  of  Latin-American  government 
Tendencies  toward  disintegration  or  consolidation 
Boundary  controversies  and  adjustments 
Inter-state  and  foreign  wars;  etc. 

Map  references: 

Bowman,  The  New  World,  pp.  570,  572,  574,  578. 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  576,  end  of  vol. 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  frontispiece. 

Bryce,  South  America:  Observations  and  Impressions,  appendix. 

Bullard,  Panama,  p.  66. 


22  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine;  an  Interpretation,  frontispiece. 
Muir,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas,  p.  52. 
National  Geographic  Magazine,  xl,  p.  238. 
Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  201-203,  213. 

VII.  Economic  Conditions  in  South  America,  facing  p.  92. 

To  show: 

Geographical  and  climatic  conditions 

Natural  resources:  minerals,  forests,  water  power 

Areas  of  animal  and  vegetable  production 

Manufacturing  industries 

Principal  ports,  lines  of  navigation;  etc. 

Map  references: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  p.  401. 

Koebel,  South  America,  p.  292. 

Muir,  Hammond's  New  Historical  Atlas,  p.  58. 

National  Geographic  Magazine,  xl,  p.  238. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  101,  113,  157,  185,  207,  247,  264. 

Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  pp.  179-182. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  22,  240,  243-245. 

VIII.  Pan-American  Relations,  facing  p.  104. 
To  show: 

The  Panama  Canal  and  its  use 

The  proposed  Pan-American  railway 

Principal  highways  and  railroads  of  Latin  America 

Attitude  of  Latin  America  toward  the  Great  War;  etc. 

Map  references: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  138,  168. 

Bryce,  South  America,  appendix. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  66,  460. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  p.  401. 

Kirkpatrick,  South  America  and  the  War. 

National  Geographic  Magazine,  xxxiv,  p.  402;    xxxvi,  p.  194;    xxxviii, 

pp.  5,  489;  xl,  p.  238. 
Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  p.  216. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  190,  248,  250,  251. 


I.   THE  COLONIAL  ERA  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN 
HISTORY 

A.   THE  EUROPEAN  BACKGROUND 
i.  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Origins 
a.  Tlie  Racial  Basis  of  Iberian  History. 
(i)  The  Formative  Period. 

(a)  Physical  Characteristics  of  the  Peninsula, 
i.  Its  size  and  position. 

ii.  Topography  and  climate:  their  influence. 

(b)  The  Early  Inhabitants  of  Spain. 

i.  Nature  of  the  primitive  Celto-Iberians. 
ii.  Extent  of  Carthaginian  and  Roman  colonization, 
iii.   Spain  "more  Roman  than  Rome." 
iv.  Permanent  effects  of  Roman  domination. 
(2)  Later  Racial  and  Cultural  Elements. 

(a)  The  Germanic  Invasions. 

i.   Successive  waves  of  Teutonic  barbarians, 
ii.   Culture  of  the  Visigothic  Kingdom. 

(b)  The  Mohammedan  Regime. 

i.  Character  of  the  Moslem  conquest, 
ii.  Survival  of  Christian  centers  of  resistance, 
iii.  Development  of  Moorish  culture  and  institutions. 

(c)  Characteristics  of  the  Conquering  Race. 

i.  Psychological  traits:  African  fanaticism. 
ii.  Individualism  and  its  aspects. 

Brief  References: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  3-4. 
Chapman,  A  History  of  Spain,  pp.  1-52,  202-209. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America:  Its  Rise  and  Progress,  pp.  29-43. 
Grant,  Passing  of  the  Great  Race,  pp.  29-43,  53,  192-193. 
Sweet,  A  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  7-15. 

23 


24  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Detailed  Accounts: 

Hale,  Spain,  chs.  i-xiv. 
Hume,  The  Spanish  People,  chs.  i-iii. 
Lane-Poole,  The  Moors  in  Spain,  chs.  i-x. 
Stephens,  The  Story  of  Portugal,  chs.  i-v. 

Additional  References: 

Boucher,  Spain  under  the  Roman  Empire. 

Busk,  History  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World,  vol.  iv. 

Lea,  The  Moriscos  of  Spain. 

Merriman,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  Empire,  vol.  i. 

Ripley,  Races  of  Europe. 

Sergi,  The  Mediterranean  Race. 

b.  Rise  of  the  Spanish  Kingdom. 

(i)  The  Christian  Reconquest  of  the  Peninsula. 

(a)  The  Creation  of  Christian  Kingdoms, 
i.   Gradual  recovery  of  the  peninsula. 

ii.   Final  expulsion  of  the  Moors, 
iii.  Remaining  veneer  of  Moorish  blood  and  culture. 

(b)  Development  of  the  Christian  States.     . 
i.  Origin  of  Leon. 

ii.  Rise  of  Castile,  Aragon,  Portugal. 
iii.  Existence  of  smaller  feudal  states. 
(2)  The  Union  of  Spanish  Principalities. 

(a)  Feudal  Conditions  in  the  Peninsula. 
i.  Prevalence  of  anarchy. 

ii.  Absorption  of  the  smaller  states. 
iii.  Merging  of  Castile  and  Aragon. 
iv.  Addition  of  other  territories. 

(b)  Political  Institutions  in  Early  Spain. 

i.  Appearance  of  liberal  government:  the  cortes. 
ii. .  Growth  of  despotism  under  Ferdinand. 
iii.  Later  effects  on  Spain  of  America's  wealth. 


THE  EUROPEAN  BACKGROUND  25 

Brief  References: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  The  Colonization  of  North  America,  1492-1783, 

pp.  13-16. 
Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  3-8. 
Chapman,  History  of  Spain,  pp.  38-42,  67-83. 
Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  168-172. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  15-17. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Cheyney,  European  Background  of  American  History,  pp.  70-104. 

Hale,  Spain,  chs.  xv-xx. 

Hume,  Spain,  pp.  1-30. 

Hume,  The  Spanish  People,  chs.  iv-viii. 

Lane-Poole,  The  Moors  in  Spain,  chs.  xi-xiv. 

Additional  References: 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World,  vol.  iv. 

Oliveira  Martins,  The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator. 

Oman,  The  Dark  Ages. 

Scott,  The  Moorish  Empire  in  Europe. 

Watts,  The  Christian  Recovery  of  Spain. 

c.  Hispanic  Life  and  Institutions. 

(1)  Religious  and  Political  Organization. 

(a)  The  Ecclesiastical  System. 

i.   Relations  of  the  Papacy  and  Spain:  the  Moors, 
ii.  The  Prevalence  of  religious  orders:  The  Inquisition, 
iii.   Church  influence  on  autocratic  government. 

(b)  The  Growth  of  Towns. 

i.  Origin  of  Iberian  towns. 

ii.  The  several  factors  in  their  growth. 

iii.  Relation  of  town  and  national  government. 

(c)  Nature  of  the  Legal  and  Administrative  Systems, 
i.  Preservation  of  the  Visigothic  code. 

ii.  Development  of  judicial  procedure, 
iii.  Systems  of  taxation. 


26  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(2)  Economic  and  Social  Conditions. 

(a)  Iberian  Industry  and  Commerce, 
i.  History  of  agriculture  in  the  peninsula. 

ii.  Effects  of  the  Moorish  wars, 
iii.  Nature  and  extent  of  industry, 
iv.  The  basis  of  social  gradations. 

(b)  Types  of  Hispanic  Culture, 
i.   Contributions  of  the  Jews  and  Mohammedans. 

ii.  Origin  and  nature  of  Latin  dialects, 
iii.   Beginnings  of  national  literature, 
iv.  Variety  in  Spanish  life  and  character. 

General  Accounts: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  113,  123-128. 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  4-6. 

Cheyney,  European  Background  of  American  History,  pp.  96-101. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  41-43. 

Hume,  Spain,  pp.  15-18. 

Hume,  The  Spanish  People,  pp.  39-41,  47-52,  64-66,  86-90,  277-281. 

Johnson,  Europe  in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  pp.  96-101. 

Further  Reading: 

Lane-Poole,  The  Moors  in  Spain. 

Lea,  The  Inquisition  in  Spain,  vol.  i. 

Lea,  The  Moriscos  of  Spain. 

Merriman,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  Empire.,  vol.  i. 

Prescott,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 

Schaff,  History  of  the  Christian-  Church. 

Walton,  The  Civil  Law  in  Spain  and  Spanish  America. 

2.  Basis   of   the   Expansion   of   Europe 
a.  Forces  and  Factors  in  Colonial  Expansion. 
(1)  The  Intellectual  Awakening  in  Europe. 
(a)  Causes  and  Nature  of  the  Renaissance. 
i.  Origin  and  spread  of  the  movement, 
ii.   Commercial  results  of  the  Crusades. 
iii.  Rise  of  towns:  increasing  wealth. 


THE  EUROPEAN  BACKGROUND  27 

(b)  Effects  of  the  Renaissance  Movement. 

i.   Decline  of  medieval  ignorance  and  superstition, 
ii.   Spread  of  the  scientific  spirit, 
iii.  New  theories  concerning  the  earth. 

(2)  The  Commercial  Revolution. 

(a)  Effects  of  the  Renaissance  Spirit, 
i.  Improvements  in  shipbuilding. 

ii.   Development  of  navigating  instruments 
iii.   Influence  of  the  printing  press. 

(b)  Development  of  Commerce  and  Industry, 
i.  Decline  of  trade  with  the  Orient. 

ii.   Growth  of  new  markets  and  trade  demands. 
iii.  Opening  of  new  fields  of  commerce. 

(c)  Immediate  Factors  Cooperating  in  the  Discovery  of 

America, 
i.  The  spirit  of  investigation, 
ii.  Demand  for  new  sources  of  supply, 
iii.  Personal  efforts  of  European  monarchs. 

Brief  References: 

Akers,  South  A  merica,  pp.  3-6. 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.  1-4. 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  3-8. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  7-10. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  79-85,  168-172. 

Moses,  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America,  pp.  1-16. 

Morris,  History  of  Colonization,  pp.  230-243. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  1-81. 

Cheyney,  European  Background,  pp.  3-40. 

Hayes,  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  27-62. 

Hulme,  Renaissance  and  Reformation,  pp.  3-175. 

Payne,  European  Colonies,  pp.  37-53. 


28  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

b.   Widening  of  the  European  Horizon. 
(i)  The  Services  of  Portugal. 

(a)  Condition  of  Portugal  in  the  Fifteenth  Century, 
i.  Extent  of  national  development. 

ii.  Nature  of  her  political  institutions, 
hi.   Character  of  Portuguese  society, 
iv.  Influence  of  position  and  climate. 

(b)  Portuguese  Explorations. 

i.  Work  of  Prince  Henry, "  the  Navigator." 
ii.   Survey  of  the  African  coast, 
hi.  Discovery  of  a  water  route  to  India, 
iv.  Effect  on  Portuguese  interest  in  America. 
(2)  The  Prelude  to  Spanish  Discoveries. 

(a)  Spain  in  1492. 

i.   Recent  national  unification, 
ii.  End  of  the  Moorish  wars. 
hi.  Need  of  outlets  for  national  energy. 

(b)  Early  Career  of  Christopher  Columbus. 
i.  His  birthplace:  early  experiences. 

ii.  Influence  of  Marco  Polo, 
iii.   Columbus'  attempts  to  obtain  royal  support, 
iv.  His  final  commission  by  Spain. 

Brief  References: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.  4-8. 

Jones,  Caribbean  Interests,  pp.  1-4. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  172-174. 

Sweet,  A  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  32-35. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  82-96. 
Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  8-19. 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  10-22. 
Cheyney,  European  Background,  pp.  41-79. 
Hulme,  Renaissance  and  Reformation,  pp.  175-188. 
Stephens,  The  Story  of  Portugal,  pp.  140-157. 


ERA  OF  DISCOVERY  AND  CONQUEST  29 

Further  Reading: 

Jaync,  Vasco  da  Gama  and  His  Successors. 

Martins,  The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator. 

Morris,  History  of  Colonization. 

Payne,  European  Colonics. 

B.  THE    ERA    OF    DISCOVERY    AND    CONQUEST 
1.    The  Unveiling  of  the  New  World 
a.  The  Finding  of  Western  Lands. 

(1)  Early  Stages  of  Discovery. 

(a)  Columbus'  First  Voyage. 

i.  Trials  of  the  voyage:  "Land!" 
ii.  The  first  attempt  at  colonization, 
iii.  The  triumphal  return  of  the  Pathfinder, 
iv.  European  ideas  and  activities  revolutionized. 

(b)  Supplementary  Discoveries. 

i.  Later  explorations  of  Columbus, 
ii.   Magellan's  epoch-making  voyage, 
iii.   Cabral  and  the  Portuguese  claim  to  Brazil. 

(c)  The  Naming  of  the  Western  World. 

i.   Supposed  voyages  of  Americus  Vespuccius. 
ii.   Spread  and  influence  of  his  writings. 

(2)  Defining  of  the  New  World. 

(a)  Partition  of  Colonial  Realms. 

i.  The  first  papal  Line  of  Demarcation,  1493. 
ii.  The  Treaty  of  Tordesillas,  1494. 

(b)  Supplementary  Discoveries  and  Exploration, 
i.  The  Spaniards  in  North  America. 

ii.  Discovery  of  the  South  Sea. 
iii.  The  charting  of  coast  lines. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol  i,  pp.  96-108,  148-151,  200-221. 
Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.  8-12,  23-29. 
Bryce,  South  A  merica:  Observations  and  Impressions,  pp.  1-2,284-286, 366. 


3o  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Jones,  Caribbean  Interests,  pp.  4-19. 
Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  174-176. 
Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  14-25. 
Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  1-4. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  9-10. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  35-45. 

Detailed  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  20-132. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  132-149. 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  22-36. 

Further  Reading: 

Bancroft,  Central  America,  vol.  i. 
Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  vol  i. 
Guillemard,  Magellan. 
Thacher,  Columbus. 
Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus. 

b.  Character  of  the  New  World. 

(1)  Physical  Characteristics  of  Latin  America. 

(a)  General  Considerations. 

i.  Relative  size  and  location  of  the  new  continents, 
ii.   Location  and  direction  of  highland  regions, 
iii.   Comparison  of  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts:  harbors. 

(b)  Natural  Physical  Divisions. 

i.  Nature  of  the  West  Indian  group, 
ii.  Importance  of  the  continental  coastal  plains, 
iii.  Value  of  river  and  lake  systems. 

(c)  Suitability  for  European  Colonization, 
i.   Range  of  temperature  and  rainfall. 

ii.  Adaptation  of  soil  to  agriculture  and  grazing, 
iii.  Kinds,  extent  and  location  of  minerals. 

(2)  Organic  Resources  of  Hispanic  America. 
(a)  Species  of  Native  Plant  Life. 

i.  Forests  as  aids  and  obstacles, 
ii.  Extent  and  variety  of  food  plants. 


ERA  OF  DISCOVERY  AND   CONQUEST  31 

(b)  Kinds  and  Distribution  of  Animal  Life. 

i.  Effects  of  game  and  fish  on  early  development, 
ii.  Larger  American  animals:  historical  importance. 

Brief  Descriptions: 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  67-80,  94-108. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  37-40,  75-88,  1 67-1 71,  206-207,  248-256, 

368-372,  488-489,  527-528;    (geographical  sketches.) 
Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  389-392;  (climate). 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  107-121. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  21-27. 

Geographical  Materials  and  Atlases: 

Bartholomew,  An  Atlas  of  Economic  Geography. 

Bowman,  South  America,  a  Geography  Reader. 

Hale,  Practical  Guide  to  South  America. 

Keane,  Stanford's  Compendium  of  Geography  and  Travel. 

Reclus,  The  Earth  and  Its  Inhabitants. 

Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas. 

[For  detailed  descriptions,  see  books  listed  in  the  Bibliography  under 
Travels  and  Descriptive  Narratives.'] 

c.  Native  Life  in  Hispanic  America. 

(1)  Classification  of  Native  American  Races. 

(a)  The  Civilized  Groups  of  Peoples. 

i.  Probable  origin  of  the  Indians:  their  name, 
ii.  Aboriginal  development  in  Mexico  and  Yucatan, 
iii.  Evidences  of  culture  in  Peru. 

(b)  Barbarian  and  Savage  Groups. 

i.  The  "Red  Indians"  of  North  America, 
ii.  Relative  development  of  island  tribes, 
iii.  Distribution  of  aborigines  in  South  America. 

(2)  Characteristics  of  the  Indian. 

(a)  American  Native  Life  and  Individual  Traits, 
i.   Contrasts  in  occupation,  housing,  food, 
ii.  The  Indian  as  warrior  and  servitor. 


32  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  Nature  of  Indian  Institutions, 
i.  Forms  of  native  government. 

ii.   Social  and  religious  customs. 

(c)  Influence  of  the  Indian  on  Colonization, 
i.  The  inevitable  contest  for  supremacy. 

ii.  Extinction  of  Indian  civilization, 
iii.  The  Indian  and  the  labor  problem, 
iv.  Degrees  of  extermination  and  assimilation. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  75-165,  452-454,  528-532. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  81-93. 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  37-39. 

Grant,  Passing  of  the  Great  Race,  pp.  76-77. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  1-13. 

MacHugh,  Modern  Mexico,  pp.  1-30. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  29-31. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  27-31. 

Winter,  Guatemala  and  Her  People  of  Today,  pp.  1-15. 

Detailed  Accounts: 

Ballou,  Aztec  Land. 
Bingham,  In  the  Wonderland  of  Peru. 
Church,  Aborigines  of  South  America. 
Hrdlicka,  Early  Man  in  South  America. 

Joyce,  Central  American  and  West  Indian  Archaeology;  Mexican  Ar- 
chaeology, etc. 
Markham,  The  Incas  of  Peru. 
Spence,  The  Civilization  of  Ancient  Mexico. 

2.    Beginning  of  the  Occupation  of  America 
a.  First  Stages  in  Colonization. 
(1)  Colonization  of  the  West  Indies. 
(a)  Motives  for  and  Methods  of  Colonization, 
i.  West  Indian  types  of  colonies, 
ii.  The  objects  in  colonial  settlements, 
•iii.  Early  exploitation  of  the  natives. 


ERA  OF  DISCOVERY  AND   CONQUEST  33 

(b)  Colonies  Planted  in  the  Era  of  Discovery, 
i.  Efforts  and  failures  of  Columbus, 
ii.  Occupation  of  the  smaller  islands, 
iii.   Colonization  of  Porto  Rico, 
iv.  Conquest  and  settlements  in  Cuba. 

(2)  Settlements  on  the  Mainland. 

(a)  Survey  of  the  Central  American  Coast, 
i.  Projects  of  Ojeda,  Nicuesa,  Balboa. 

ii.   Motives  for  colonization  in  Darien. 
iii.  Difficulties  and  early  failures  in  colonization. 

(b)  Summary  of  the  Early  Period. 

i.  Occupation  of  islands  and  isthmus, 
ii.  Destruction  of  natives, 
iii.  Disappointment  in  gold  and  spices. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expatision  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  163-165,  221-223. 
Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization,  pp.  16-19,  29-32. 
Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  454-460. 
Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  176-177. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  10-11. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  46-54. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  132-201. 
Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  150-228. 
Jones,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  20-31. 
Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  26-35. 
Muir,  Expansion  of  Europe,  pp.  1-12. 

Additional  Readings: 

Bates,  The  Path  of  the  Conquistadorcs. 
Gilman,  Tales  of  the  Pathfinders. 
Helmolt,  History  of  the  World,  vol.  i. 
Lummis,  The  Spanish  Pioneers. 
Morris,  History  of  Colonization. 


34  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

b.  The  Conquest  of  Indian  States. 
(i)  The  Conquest  of  Mexico. 

(a)  Preparations  for  the  Expedition. 

i.  Beginnings  of  Spanish  interest  in  Mexico, 
ii.  The  Commission  of  Cortes:  his  preparations. 

(b)  The  Aztec  War. 

i.  Factors  favoring  the  Spaniards, 
ii.  Entering  of  Mexico  City:  the  booty, 
iii.  Interruption  and  completion  of  the  conquest. 

(c)  The  Foundation  of  a  Spanish  State, 
i.   Rebuilding  of  Mexico  City. 

ii.  New  Settlements:  their  organization. 

(2)  Exploitation  and  Colonization  of  Peru. 

(a)  Early  Projects  for  Conquest, 
i.  The  attempts  of  Balboa. 

ii.  Early  trials  and  failures  of  Pizarro. 
iii.  Effect  of  the  Conquest  of  Mexico. 

(b)  The  Taking  of  Peru. 

i.   Capture  of  Caxamarca  and  Cuzco. 
ii.   Measures  for  a  colonial  government. 
iii.   Civil  war:  opening  of  a  new  regime. 

(c)  Results  of  the  Conquest. 

i.  Effects  on  Spanish  migration, 
ii.  Opening  up  of  Chile,  Bolivia,  Ecuador, 
iii.  Reaction  of  sudden  wealth  on  Spain. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  151-153,  165-169,  225-232. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  41-48. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  44-49. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  1 77-1 81. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  47-55. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  4-1 1. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  11-13. 


IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND   INSTITUTIONS       35 
Longer  Accounts: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization,  pp.  23-40,  42-46. 
Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  220-252. 
Jones,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  31-63. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  55-74. 

Additional  Readings: 

Helps,  The  Spanish  Conquest  in  America. 

MacNutt,  Fernando  Cortes  and  the  Conquest  of  Mexico. 

Markham,  Conquest  of  New  Granada. 

History  of  Peru. 

Prescott,  The  Conquest  of  Mexico. 

The  Conquest  of  Peru. 

Richraan,  The  Spanish  Conquerors. 

C.    IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS 
IN  AMERICA 

1.    Colonial  Government  and  Territorial  Extension 

a.  Methods  of  Iberian  Imperial  Control. 

(1)  Origin  of  Colonial  Institutions. 

(a)  Spanish  Governmental  Machinery, 
i.  Nature  of  the  Spanish  kingship. 

ii.  Political  bodies:  their  centralization  and  power. 

(b)  Colonial  Administrative  Development. 

i.  Relation  of  the  Crown  and  the  Indies, 
ii.  Evolution  of  new  administrative  councils, 
iii.  Re-application  of  Spanish  judicial  offices. 

(2)  Development  of  Hispanic  Institutions  in  the  Colonies. 

(a)  Nature  of  the  Spanish  Colonial  Offices, 
i.  Evolution  of  the  office  of  adelantado. 
ii.  Functions  of  the  Captain-General. 

iii.   Creation  of  the  Viceroy:  his  prerogatives. 

(b)  Inter-relation  of  Administrative  Districts, 
i.   Government  of  the  province:  corregidor. 
ii.   Judicial  districts:  audiencia;  presidencia. 

iii.  Types  of  municipal  and  local  self-government. 


36  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  Features  of  Portuguese  Colonial  Administration, 
i.  Relation  of  Portuguese  trade  and  colonization, 
ii.  The  semi-feudal  colonial  land  system, 
iii.  Changes  in  the  administrative  system, 
iv.   Governmental  decentralization  and  inefficiency. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  The  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  232-235. 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.  19-21,  75. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  244-250. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  49-52. 

Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  64-73. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  202-206,  302-315. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  74-82. 

Muir,  Expansion  of  Europe,  pp.  13-23. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  19-29. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  19-29. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  202-252. 

Haring,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 

Moses,  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America. 

South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  1-99 

Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 

Roscher,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 

b.    The  Rise  of  Spanish  Agricultural  Colonies. 
(1)   Spanish  Penetration  from  the  Caribbean. 

(a)  Foundations  of  Venezuela. 

i.  First  discovery  and  explorations. 

ii.   Early  settlements  and  misgovernment. 
iii.   Later  development  and  exploitation. 
iv.    Handicaps  from  pirates  and  privateers. 

(b)  Establishment  of  New  Granada, 
i.  Motives  for  colonization. 

ii.  Conquest  of  the  native  peoples:  Bogota. 
iii.  Economic  basis  for  colonial  growth. 


IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS       37 

{c)  Organization  of  Central  America  and  Mexico. 

i.   Coastal  settlements  and  their  government. 

ii.  Establishment  and  extension  of  Mexican  government. 
(2)  Atlantic  Settlements:  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
(a)  Early  Attempts  at  Colonization. 

i.  Motives  for  and  sites  of  early  settlements. 

ii.  The  long  succession  of  colonial  failures. 
(6)  Success  of  the  La  Plata  Settlements. 

i.   Growth  of  permanent  communities. 

ii.   Evolution  of  colonial  government, 
iii.  Pastoral  development  and  economic  progress. 

Brief  References: 

\bl>ott,  Expansion  of  Europr,  vol.  i,  pp.  318-320. 

Killer,  Colonization,  pp.  316-322. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  13-17. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  71-83,  129-138. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonisation,  pp.  233-256. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  56-73. 

Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  32-57. 

Additional  Readings: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i. 
Chapman,  Founding  of  Spanish  California. 

The  Northwest  Expansion  of  New  Spa'.n. 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World,  vol.  i. 

Lowery,  The  Spanish  Settlements  in  the  United  States. 

Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies. 

Rod  way,  The  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  Main. 

b.  The  Portuguese  in  Brazil. 
(1)  Establishment  of  Portuguese  Settlements. 

(a)  Motives  and  Methods  of  Early  Colonization. 
i.   Discoveries  and  early  exploration, 
ii.   Beginnings  of  colonization :  convicts, 
iii.  The  agricultural  basis:  sugar. 


38  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  The  Transition  to  Centralized  Government, 
i.  The  rapid  increase  in  population, 
ii.  Practice  of  negro  and  Indian  slavery, 
iii.   Revocation  of  feudal  land  grants, 
iv.   Establishment  of  a  single  government. 
(2)  Progress  during  the  Colonial  Era. 

(a)  Difficulties  with  European  States. 

i.   Conflicts  with  French  expeditions, 
ii.  Effects  of  the  Portuguese-Spanish  union,  1 580-1 640. 
iii.  Attacks  of  Dutch  and  English, 
iv.   Final  expulsion  of  rival  colonists. 

(b)  Later  Colonial  Development. 

i.   Discovery  of  gold  (1693)  and  effects, 
ii.   Misgovernment  and  internal  dissension, 
iii.  Later  political  reform  and  economic  prosperity. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  153-154,  162-163,  235-236, 

460-464. 
Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  366-370. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  48-5°;  vol.  v,  pp.  673-678. 
Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  89-90. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  17-18. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  84-93. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  131-167. 
Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  36-46,  9S_I°9- 
Stephens,  Story  of  Portugal,  pp.  220-235. 

Additional  Readings: 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World,  vol.  i. 

Fiske,  Discovery  of  America,  vol.  i. 

Morris,  History  of  Colonization. 

Robertson,  Rise  of  the  Spanish- American  Republics. 


IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS       39 

n     2.    General  Survey  of  Colonial  Economic 
Development 

a.  Trade  and  Colonial  Competition. 

(1)  Early  International  Conflict  in  America. 

(a)  Causes  of  Rivalry:  the  Mercantile  System, 
i.  Trade  competition  in  the  colonial  era. 

ii.  Application  of  the  Spanish  exclusion  policy, 
iii.  Effects  of  the  Treaty  of  Tordesillas. 
iv.  The  temptation  to  violence:  gold. 

(b)  Beginnings  of  Colonial  Interference. 

i.   Formation  of  privileged  trading  monopolies, 
ii.   Rival  European  colonies:  the  Huguenots, 
iii.   Frequent  resort  to  privateering:  the  English. 

(2)  Trade  Conditions  in  the  Americas. 

(a)  The  Age  of  Buccaneering. 

i.  Origin  and  methods  of  pirates  and  privateers, 
ii.  Their  objects  and  spheres  of  operation. 

(b)  Regulation  of  the  Spanish  Colonial  Trade, 
i.  The  convoy  and  fleet  system. 

ii.   Distribution  of  goods;  trade  routes  and  fairs, 
iii.  Weaknesses  of  ihe  system:  the  Asiento. 

(c)  Results  on  Colonial  Development. 

i.  Handicaps  of  Hispanic  coastal  settlements, 
ii.   Unhealthy  colonial  economic  conditions. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  453-460. 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization,  pp.  65-71. 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  293-297. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  15-19,  286. 

Hayes,  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modem  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  55-69. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  181-189. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  83-94. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  18-19. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  103-104. 


4o  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Special  Topics: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  15-19. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  281-336. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  Hi,  pp.  491-494;  vol.  v,  pp.  681-689; 

vol.  x,  pp.  254-257,  272-275. 
Haring,  The  Buccaneers  in  the  West  Indies  in  the  XVII  Century. 
Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  300-327. 
Muir,  Expansion  of  Europe,  pp.  24-53. 

Additional  Readings: 

Bancroft,  Central  America,  vol.  ii. 

Chapman,  Founding  of  Spanish  California. 

Esquemeling,  The  Buccaneers. 

Froude,  English  Seamen  of  the  Sixteenth  Century. 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World,  vol.  i. 

Lowery,  The  Spanish  Settlements  in  the  United  Slates. 

Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 

Roscher,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 

Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America,  vol.  i. 

b.  Internal  Administration  of  the  Colonies. 

(1)  Colonial  Organization  and  Consolidation. 

(a)  Further  Evolution  of  Government. 

i.   Steps  in  the  redistribution  of  responsibility, 
ii.   Growth  of  population :  creation  of  new  provinces. 

(b)  Methods  of  Travel  and  Communication. 

i.   Number  and  character  of  provincial  roads, 
ii.   Extensive  use  of  waterways, 
iii.   Relation  of  transportation  to  political  administration. 

(2)  Sources  of  Governmental  Revenue. 

(a)  The  Tariff  System. 

i.   Nature  and  extent  of  import  duties, 
ii.   Export  tariff  regulations. 

(b)  Types  of  Crown  Monopolies. 

i.  Restriction  of  colonial  manufacturing, 
ii.  Royal  control  of  colonial  commodities, 
iii.   Special  prerogatives:   e.g.,  lotteries,  sale  of  offices. 


IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS       41 

(c)  The  Multitude  of  Internal  Taxes, 
i.   Pernicious  effect  of  the  alcabala. 

ii.   Extent  of  excise  taxes. 
iii.   Value  of  the  royal  fifth:  mining  regulations, 
iv.  Varieties  of  Church  demands. 

(d)  Effects  of  the  Revenue  System, 
i.   Bearing  on  economic  welfare. 

ii.   Reaction  of  wealth  on  the  mother  countries. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  170-173. 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  6-12. 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization,  pp.  20,  47-50,  54-55,  75  f. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  v,  pp.  680-684. 

Keller,  Colonization,  180-197,  207-215. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  42-43,  48-49. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  106-110,  11 2-1 16. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  227-2 
Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  1 10-122. 
Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  105-115. 

Additional  Readings: 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World. 

Hume,  The  Spanish  People. 

Moses,  The  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 

Roscher,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 

Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America. 

c.  Labor  Problems  and  Industrial  Progress. 
Y     (1)  Growth  of  a  Labor  System. 

(a)  Spanish  Attitude  toward  Labor. 

i.  Distaste  for  manual  labor:  reasons, 
ii.   Labor  demands  in  the  colonies, 
iii.   Exploitation  of  the  available  labor  supply, 
iv.   Supplementary  importations  of  negro  slaves. 


42  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  Methods  Used  in  Indian  Employment. 

i.  Forced  labor:  repartimiento,  encotnienda,  mita. 
ii.  Adaptation  to  farming  and  mining. 

(c)  Labor  Legislation  and  Control. 

i.  Labor  abuses:  effects  on  natives, 
ii.  Attitude  of  the  Crown:  early  regulation, 
iii.   Reform  agitation:  Las  Casas  and  the  "New  Laws." 
iv.  Reaction  of  the  labor  system  on  respective  races. 
(2)  Extent  of  Colonial  Economic  Development. 

(a)  Growth  of  the  Mining  Industry. 

i.   Kinds  and  location  of  mineral  wealth, 
ii.   Methods  of  mining  and  shipping, 
iii.   Value  of  the  annual  mine  production. 

(b)  Relative  Importance  of  Agriculture  and  Grazing. 

i.   Slow  transition  of  interest  to  planting  and  herding, 
ii.  Introduction  of  European  plants  and  animals, 
iii.  Plantations  as  a  permanent  economic  basis. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  315-326. 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  12-18. 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization,  pp.  21-23,  5°- 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  257-267. 

Jones,  South  America,  pp.  73-80. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  221-251,  257-282. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  38-43,  47-49. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  104-108,  110-112. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  209-215,  269-281. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  253-281,  356-369. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  122-141. 

Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  167-217. 

Additional  Readings: 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World. 
Hume,  The  Spanish  People, 


f 


IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS       43 

Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 
Roscher,  The  Spanish  Colonial  System. 
Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America. 

3.    Eighteenth  Century  Social  Conditions 
Religious  Institutions  in  the  Colonics. 

(1)  The  Church  as  a  Colonizing  Agency. 

(a)  Work  of  the  Early  Priests, 
i.  Their  aid  in  exploration. 

ii.  The  conversion  and  protection  of  the  Indians, 
iii.   Priests  as  colonial  chroniclers:  Las  Casas. 

(b)  Establishment  of  Religious  Orders, 
i.  Efforts  of  the  Jesuits. 

ii.   Founding  and  success  of  missions:  Paraguay, 
iii.  Activities  of  other  clerical  orders. 

(c)  Relations  of  Church  and  State. 

i.   Church  influence  in  politics:  Uruguay, 
ii.   Later  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits. 

(2)  The  Church  in  Social  and  Economic  Life. 

(a)  The  Church  as  a  Social  Factor. 

i.   Civilizing  influences  of  the  institution, 
ii.   Church  control  and  spread  of  education, 
iii.  The  Inquisition :  control  of  morals. 

(b)  Property  of  the  Church. 

i.  Rapid  increase  in  Church  personnel, 
ii.   Numbers  of  religious  institutions, 
iii.   Sources  and  extent  of  Church  revenue. 

Brief  References: 

Abbott,  Expansion  of  Europe,  vol.  i,  pp.  457-459. 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Expansion,  pp.  235-240. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  60-63;  vol.  x,  pp.  270-271. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  52-53. 

Jones,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  81-87. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  82,  124-125. 


+ 


44  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  302-319. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  253-280. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  197-200,  283-302. 

Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  1 15-142. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  49-59. 

Additional  Readings: 

Cunninghame-Graham,  A  Vanished  Arcadia. 

Lea,  The  Inquisition  in  the  Spanish  Dependencies. 

Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 

Mozans,  Along  the  Andes. 

Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America,  vol.  i. 

b.  Phases  of  Social  Evolution. 
(1)  Organization  of  Colonial  Society. 

(a)  The  Contact  of  Races. 

i.  Absence  of  Spanish  family  life  in  America, 
ii.  Iberian  tendencies:  mingling  with  natives, 
iii.   Natural  results  of  unequal  race  contact. 

(b)  Composition  of  the  Latin  Americans. 

i.   Relative  proportions  of  the  three  racial  elements, 
ii.   Complexity  of  mixtures:  their  nomenclature, 
iii.   Racial  comparison  of  Latin-American  states. 

(c)  The  Social  Scale. 

i.   Rise  of  the  class  system, 
ii.   Comparison  with  present  conditions. 
(2)  Practical  Aspects  of  the  Class  System. 

(a)  Social  Organization  and  Politics. 

i.   Dominance  of  native-born  Spanish. 

ii.  The  position  occupied  by  Creoles, 
iii.   Status  of  the  mixed  classes:  divide  et  impera. 
iv.   Conditions  in  Portuguese  Brazil. 

(b)  Social  Customs  and  Style  of  Life, 
i.   Relation  of  wealth  and  position 

ii.   Social  and  moral  abuses. 


III.    Colonial  Expansion  in  America 


IBERIAN  COLONIES  AND   INSTITUTIONS        45 

iii.   Colonial  contrasts  in  country  and  city. 

iv.  Degrees  of  culture,  education,  and  literature. 

Brief  References: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization,  p.  76. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  i,  pp.  63-66;  vol.  x,  p.  268. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  215-220. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  122-124,  125-128. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bourne,  Spain  in  America,  pp.  253-268. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  454-463. 

Garcia -Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  44-57. 

Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  1 00-118. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  31-38,  59-68. 

Additional  Readings: 

Hale,  The  South  Americans. 

Moses,  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule  in  America,  vol.  ii. 

Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 

Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America. 


V 


H.    EVOLUTION    OF   THE    LATIN-AMERICAN 
NATIONS 

A.    THE  STRUGGLES  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 

i.    The  Liberation  of  Spanish  South  America 
Preliminaries  of  Latin- American  Independence. 
(i)  Causes  of  General  Discontent. 

(a)  Factors  in  the  Spanish  Colonial  Policy. 

i.   Despotic  character  of  the  Spanish  colonial  regime. 

ii.   Administrative  abuses  of  colonial  officials. 

iii.   Effects  of  Spanish  economic  policy. 

iv.   Official  jealousy:  Creoles  vs.  native  Spanish. 

(b)  The  Intellectual  Basis:  Invasions  of  Ideas, 
i.   Constant  evasion  of  Spanish  censorship. 

ii.   Introduction  of  French  and  English  philosophy, 
iii.  Influence  of  the  American  and  French  revolutions, 
iv.  Effects  of  Latin-American  travel  abroad. 
(2)  The  Immediate  Background  of  the  Revolutions. 
(a)   The  European  Situation. 

i.   French  occupation  of  Portugal  and  Spain, 
ii.   Napoleon's  designs  on  American  colonies. 
iii.   Colonial  loyalty:  the  juntas. 
iv.  Paradoxical  situation  of  the  colonies. 
/b)  La  tin- American  Characteristics  in  1806. 

i.  Propaganda    of    English    and    American    agents: 

motives, 
ii.   Organization  of  revolutionary  societies  abroad, 
iii.  Absence  of  concrete  issues  for  revolution, 
iv.   General   lack   of   revolutionary   interest   in   Latin 
America. 

46 


THE  STRUGGLES  FOR  INDEPENDENCE         47 
Brief  References: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  19-20. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  491-500. 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  ix,  pp.   268-269,  399,  406;    vol.  x, 

pp.  275-279- 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  58-60,  81-85. 
Hart,  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  20-26. 

Paxson,  Tlte  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics,  pp.  45-47. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  69-74. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  140-143. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  356-372;  (general  considerations). 
Latan6,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  3-20. 
Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emanci potion,  pp.  100-118. 
Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America,  vol.  ii,  pp.  271-319. 

Additional  Readings: 

Chandler,  Inter- American  Acquaintances. 
Mitr6,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America. 
Niles,  A  History  of  South  America. 
Zahm,  Through  South  America's  Southland. 

b.  Early  Phases  of  the  Revolutionary  Movements. 

(1)  Composition  of  the  Revolutionary  Forces. 

(a)  South  American  Patriots. 

i.  Importance  of  the  personal  element  in  revolution, 
ii.  Preparation   and   aims   of   Miranda,    San   Martin, 

Bolivar,  etc. 
iii.  Their  contributions  to  La  tin- American  history. 

(b)  Further  Active  Elements  in  the  Wars  of  Liberation, 
i.   Disaffection  of  the  Creoles:  their  revolt. 

ii.  Enlistment  of  English  and  American  volunteers. 

(2)  The  First  Series  of  Revolts. 

(a)  The  Services  of  Francisco  Miranda, 
i.  His  early  efforts  abroad:  results. 
ii.  The  revolt  of  1797:  its  failure. 
iii.  The  filibustering  expedition  of  1806. 


48  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  Beginnings  of  Organized  Revolt. 

i.  Events  in  Spain:  formation  of  the  Caracas  junta. 
ii.  The  Venezuelan  declaration  of  independence, 
iii.  Reverses:  imprisonment  and  death  of  Miranda. 

(c)  The  Revolution  in  Argentina. 

i.  English  operations  in  South  America,  1806-1807. 
ii.   Formation  of  a  central  Argentine  junta,  1807. 
iii.   Rise  of  the  Creole  party:  failures  of  the  junta. 

Brief  References: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  23-34. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  372-385. 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  139-141,  280-289. 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  26-29. 

Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  92-98. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  154-158. 

Latane,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  20-29. 

Paxson,  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics,  pp.  47-56. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  74-75. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  143-149. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  60-81. 

Koebel,  British  Exploits  in  South  America,  pp.  101-158. 

Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Em-ancipation,  pp.  254-299. 

Additional  Readings: 

Mitre,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America. 

Niles,  A  History  of  South  America. 

Robertson,  Francisco  Miranda  and  the  Revolutionising  of  South  America. 

Walton,  Revolutions  of  Spain. 

c.  The  Final  Series  of  South  American  Revolutions. 
(1)  Liberation  of  the  Southern  Spanish  Colonies. 
( a)  The  Policy  of  the  Restored  Spanish  Bourbons, 
i.  Lack  of  concession  or  conciliation, 
ii.   Yielding  of  most  of  the  provisional  governments. 
iii.  The  Argentine  declaration  of  independence  (181 6). 


THE  STRUGGLES  FOR  INDEPENDENCE         49 

(b)  Extension  of  the  Argentine  Movement. 

i.   Efforts  of  San  Martin :  revolution  in  Uruguay, 
ii.   Activities  of  the  Argentine  fleet, 
iii.  The  liberation  of  Chile  (1817-1818). 
(2)  Campaigns  in  Northern  South  America. 

(a)  The  operations  of  Simon  Bolivar. 

i.  Establishment  of  a  second  Venezuelan  Republic, 
ii.   Freeing  of  New  Granada:  foreign  aid. 
iii.  The  final  liberation  of  Venezuela  (1821). 

(b)  Extension  of  the  Program:  Invasion  of  Peru, 
i.   English  cooperation:  Lord  Cochrane. 

ii.   San  Martin's  successful  campaign  in  Peru, 
iii.   Formation  of  a  provisional  government. 

(c)  The  Final  Act  in  the  Revolutionary  Drama, 
i.  Liberation  of  Ecuador:  Sucre  (1821-1822). 

ii.   Concentration  of  forces  in  Peru, 
iii.   Withdrawal  of  San  Martin  before  Bolivar. 

Brief  References: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  20-23. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  385-396. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  290-302. 

Hart,  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  30-32. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  176-184. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  75-77. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  149-163. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Chandler,  Inter-American  Acquaintances. 

Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  98-116. 

Koebel,  British  Exploits  in  South  America,  pp.  163-231. 

Latane\  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  29-47. 

Paxson,  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics,  pp.  57-101. 

Additional  Readings: 

Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  2  vols. 
Mitre,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America. 


5o  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Niles,  History  of  South  America. 

Robertson,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics. 

Watson,  Spanish  and  Portuguese  South  America. 

2.    Minor  Revolutionary  Movements 
a.  The  Independence  of  Brazil. 

(i)  Relations  of  Portugal  and  Brazil. 

(a)  French  Occupation  of  Portugal. 

i.  Exile  of  the  Portuguese  royal  family, 
ii.   Reorganization  of  the  Brazilian  government, 
iii.  Inauguration  of  a  new  commercial  policy, 
iv.  Financial  condition  of  the  colony. 

(b)  Basis  of  the  Revolution  in  Brazil. 

i.  The  monopoly  of  offices  by  Portuguese, 
ii.  Levying  of  new  and  heavy  taxes. 
(2)  The  Nationalist  Movement  in  Brazil. 

(a)  The  Revolution  of  1820. 

i.   Suppression  of  incipient  revolts, 
ii.   Establishment  of  representative  government. 

(b)  The  Separation  of  Brazil  from  Portugal. 
i.  Return  of  the  royal  court  to  Portugal. 

ii.  Declaration  of  Brazilian  independence,  1822. 
iii.   Formation  of  the  Empire  of  Brazil, 
iv.  The  value  of  British  aid. 

Brief  Accounts: 

Hart,  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  26,  31. 

Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  107-109. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  77-79. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  165-168. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  310-319. 
Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  287-300. 
Koebel,  British  Exploits  in  South  America,  pp.  214-234. 
South  America,  pp.  185-200. 


THE  STRUGGLES  FOR  INDEPENDENCE        51 
Further  Reading: 

Helmolt,  History  of  the  World. 
Mitre\  The  Emancipation  of  South  America. 
Moses,  Spanish  Dependencies  in  South  America. 
Niles,  A  History  of  South  America. 
Robertson,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics. 
Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  vol.  viii. 
[For  further  references,  see  individual  histories  of  Brazil.") 

b.  Revolution  in  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean. 

(1)  The  Struggle  in  Mexico. 

(a)  The  first  Phase  of  the  Revolution. 

i.  Conditions  producing  revolution:  cf.  South  America, 

ii.  Origin  of  the  revolt:  lack  of  enthusiasm, 

iii.  Character  and  plans  of  Miguel  Hidalgo, 

iv.  Failure  of  the  insurgents:  Hidalgo's  death, 

v.  The  attempts  of  Jose  Morelos. 

(b)  The  Imperial  Phase. 

i.  Iturbide  and  the  "Plan  of  Iguala." 
ii.  Attitude  of  Spain  toward  Mexican  independence, 
iii.   Rapid  rise  and  fall  of  the  Empire. 

(c)  Final  Phase  of  the  Struggle. 

i.  Effects  of  the  Spanish  revolution, 
ii.  Establishment  of  the  Mexican  Republic. 

(2)  Revolutions  in  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

(a)  The  Independence  of  Central  America. 

i.  Previous  relations  of  the  Crown  and  the  colonies, 
ii.   Character  of  the  struggle  for  independence, 
iii.  Formation  of  a  federal  republic. 

(b)  Conditions  in  the  West  Indies. 

i.  Quiet  prosperity  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico, 
ii.  Revolts  in  Haiti:  Toussaint  L'Ouverture. 
iii.   Subsequent  separation  of  Santo  Domingo. 


52  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  302-307. 
Latane,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  45-47. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  79-81. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  168-173. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Goodrich,  The  Coming  Mexico,  pp.  55-66. 

MacHugh,  Modem  Mexico,  pp.  18-63. 

Winter,  Mexico  and  Her  People  of  Today,  pp.  165- 181. 

Additional  Readings: 

Bancroft,  The  History  of  Mexico. 
Mitre,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America, 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America. 
Robertson,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics. 
Rodway,  The  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  Main. 
[For  further  references,  see  individual  histories  of  Mexico  and  the  states 
of  Central  America.] 

3.    The  Establishment  of  Latin-American 
Independence 
a.  Evolution  of  a  Policy  of  American  Isolation. 

(1)  Early  Relations  between  the  United  States  and  Latin 

America. 

(a)  Commercial  Intercourse. 

i.  Extent  and  nature  of  the  Latin-American  trade, 
ii.   Beginnings  of  acquaintanceship. 

(b)  United  States'  Aid  to  Independence. 

i.   Influence  of  the  American  Revolution. 

ii.  American  volunteers  and  filibustering  expeditions, 
iii.  Diplomatic  relations  with  the  new  republics, 
iv.  Recognition  of  newly-constituted  states. 

(2)  Formation  of  an  Idea  of  American  Isolation. 
(a)  The  Doctrine  of  European  Aloofness. 

i.  Real  basis  for  the  Doctrine  of  the  Two  Spheres, 
ii.  Elements  in  the  American  Revolution, 
iii.  Washington's  ideas  of  isolation. 


IV.    The  Revolutionary  Period  in  South  America 


THE  STRUGGLES  FOR  INDEPENDENCE         53 

(b)  Early  Formulations  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

i.  Attitude   of   Jefferson   and   Adams   toward   Latin 

America, 
ii.   Beginnings  of  the  recognition  policy:  Clay, 
iii.  John  Quincy  Adams'  policy  of  neutrality, 
iv.  Changes  produced  by  the  European  Concert. 

Brief  References: 

Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  pp.  289-293. 

La  tan  e,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  48-54. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  76-77. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  173-174. 

Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine:  Its  Origin  and  Growth,  pp.  1-11. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Chandler,  Inter- American  Acquaintances,  pp.  1-114. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  1-54. 

Paxson,  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics,  pp.    17-44, 
102-177. 

Further  Reading: 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy. 

Hull,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  National  or  International? 

Manning,  Early  Diplomatic  Relations  between  the  United  States  and 

Mexico. 
Reddaway,  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

b.  Recognition:  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 
(1)  The  European  Situation,  181 5- 1823. 

(a)  Formation  of  the  "Holy  Alliance." 

i.  Purpose  and  methods  of  the  Alliance, 
ii.  Application  of  the  Doctrine  of  Intervention, 
iii.  The  Congresses  and  changes  in  the  Alliance. 

(b)  Plans  for  Intervention  in  America. 

i.  Motives  for  the  recovery  of  the  Spanish  colonies, 
ii.  The  firm  opposition  of  England. 


54  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  The  Basis  of  the  Monroe  Pronouncement, 
i.  The  British  proposal  to  the  United  States. 
ii.  Authorship  of  the  "Monroe"  Doctrine, 
iii.  Reasons  for  separate  Anglo-American  protests. 
(2)  The  Message  of  President  Monroe,  1823. 

(a)  Character  of  the  Message, 
i.   Scope  of  the  statement. 

ii.  Analysis  of  the  document:  its  two  phases. 
iii.  Its  relation  to  Latin-American  independence. 

(b)  Reception  of  the  Message. 

i.  Attitude  of  the  continental  Powers, 

ii.  Latin-American  understanding  of  the  document, 

iii.  The  foundation  of  an  "American"  policy. 

iv.  Beginning  of  Pan-American  hopes. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  307-309. 
Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  pp.  440-451. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  55-68. 
Koebel,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  228-236. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  12-22. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Chandler,  Inter-American  Acquaintances,  pp.  149-170. 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  1-54. 

Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  pp.  294-341. 

Latan6,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  54-82. 

Paxson,  Independence  of  the  South  American  Republics,  pp.  178-251. 

Additional  Readings: 

Chadwick,  The  Relations  of  Spain  and  the  United  States. 

Crichfield,  American  Supremacy,  vol.  i. 

Gilman,  James  Monroe. 

Manning,  Early  Diplomatic  Relations. 

Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law. 

Reddaway,  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 


RISE  OF  THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS    55 

B.    RISE  OF   THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN 
REPUBLICS 

1.    Rise  of  Progressive  Latin-American  States 
a.  Development  of  Argentina. 

(1)  Beginnings  of  the  Argentine  Republic. 

(a)  Physical  Characteristics  of  the  State, 
i.   Size  and  extent  of  Argentina. 

ii.  Three  physical  divisions  of  the  country. 
iii.   Composition  of  the  Argentine  population. 

(b)  The  Early  Period  of  Argentine  Independence. 
i.  The  provisional  governments,  1810-1824. 

ii.   Formation  of  a  federal  state, 
iii.  Territorial  disputes  with  neighboring  states. 

(2)  Later  National  Problems  and  Development. 

(a)  The  Period  of  Dictators. 

i.  Rosas:  policies  and  personality. 

ii.  The  war  against  the  Unitarians, 

iii.  The  fall  of  Rosas:  the  new  constitution, 

iv.  Administration  of  Urquiza. 

(b)  Transition  to  Political  Tranquillity. 

i.   Struggles  between  Buenos  Aires  and  the  provinces. 

ii.   Intervention  of  France  and  England. 
iii.   Stabilization  of  the  government,  1880. 
iv.   Settlement  of  recent  boundary  disputes. 

(c)  Social  and  Industrial  Progress. 

i.  Educational  and  cultural  advancement, 
ii.  Rise  of  industries:  grazing  and  farming, 
iii.   Growth  of  population:  cf.  Buenos  Aires. 

Brief  References: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  31-49;  (industries). 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  679-680. 


56  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  134-148. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  272-282. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  189-192. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  125-130. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  35-130. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  315-348;   (descriptive). 

Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  37-161. 

Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions,  vol.  i,  pp.  1-30;   (documentary). 

Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  194-217,  315-326. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  111-137. 

Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  1 14-138;   (cultural). 

Further  Reading: 

Hammerton,  The  Real  Argentina. 

Hirst,  Argentina. 

Koebel,  Argentina,  Past  and  Present. 

Martinez  and  Lewandowski,  The  Argentine  in  the  20th  Century. 

Mills,  Argentina. 

Winter,  Brazil  and  Her  People  of  Today. 

b.  The  Progress  of  Brazil. 

(1)  Establishment  of  Brazilian  Independence. 

(a)  Physical  and  Social  Considerations. 

i.  Extent  of  Brazil:  boundaries  and  resources, 
ii.  Varieties  of  climate  and  products, 
iii.  Elements  comprising  the  population. 

(b)  Relations  of  Portugal  and  Brazil. 

i.   Establishment  of  the  Empire  of  Brazil,  1822. 
ii.  The  Revolution:  reign  of  Pedro  I  (1822-1834). 

(2)  Development  of  Empire  and  Republic. 

(a)  Reign  of  the  Emperor  Pedro  II  (1834-1889). 
i.   Abdication  and  departure  of  Pedro  I. 
ii.   Degree  of  self-government  under  the  regency, 
iii.  Wars  with  Argentina  and  Paraguay. 


RISE  OF  THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS    57 

(b)  Establishment  of  the  Republic. 

i.  Overthrow  of  the  imperial  government, 
ii.   Creation  of  a  military  dictatorship, 
iii.  The  republican  constitution:  its  nature, 
iv.   Subsequent  peaceful  political  development. 

(c)  Social  and  Industrial  Progress. 

i.  Slavery  and  the  slave  trade:  emancipation  (1888). 

ii.  Brazilian  education  and  culture. 

iii.  Agricultural  development  of  the  interior. 

iv.  Growth  of  foreign  trade :  immigration. 

Brief  References: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  13-30;  (industrial). 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  320-339;  vol.  xii,  pp.  674-676. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  180-190. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  201-227. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  196-200. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  136-145. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  231-321. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  368-422;   (descriptive). 

Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  287-513. 

Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions,  vol.  i,  pp.  149-182;  (documentary). 

Jones,  South  America,  pp.  1 71-193. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  156-182. 

Additional  Readings: 

Bruce,  Brazil  and  the  Brazilians. 
Buley,  North  Brazil. 

South  Brazil. 

Denis,  Brazil. 

Elliott,  Brazil  Today  and  Tomorrow. 

Winter,  Brazil  and  Her  People  of  Today. 

c.  The  Growth  of  Chile. 

(1)  Rise  of  the  Chilean  Nation, 
(a)  Natural  Foundations  of  Chile. 

i.   Geographical  boundaries:  climate  and  soil, 
ii.   Chile  as  an  economic  unit. 


58  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  The  Period  of  Political  Transition. 

i.  The  government  of  O'Higgins:  his  downfall, 
ii.   Chronic  revolution  and  political  chaos. 

(2)  Establishment  of  Stable  Government. 

(a)  Formation  of  a  United  Nation. 

i.  Rise  of  the  Conservatives:  Portales. 

ii.  The  War  with  Spain,  1865. 

hi.  The  transition  to  Liberal  control, 

iv.  Success  in  the  Peru-Bolivia  War. 

(b)  Recent  Chilean  Politics. 

i.   Civil  war:  President  versus  Congress, 
ii.  The  Baltimore  incident,  1892. 
iii.   Continuation  of  boundary  disputes. 

(c)  Economic  and  Social  Development. 

i.  Rapid  growth  of  industries  and  commerce, 
ii.  Exploitation  and  value  of  the  nitrate  fields. 
iii.   Social  problems:  immigration. 

Brief  References: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  67-78. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  677-680. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  164-179. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  264-271. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  193-196. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  150-153. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  321-554. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  206-256;  (descriptive). 

Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  ii,  pp.  135-235. 

Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions,  vol.  i,  pp.  227-264;  (documentary). 

Jones,  South  America,  pp.  293-314. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  183-204. 

Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  94-113;  (social  and  cultural). 


RISE  OF  THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS    59 
Additional  Readings: 

Elliott,  Chile. 
Koebel,  Modern  Chile. 
Maitland,  Chile. 
Mansfield,  Progressive  Chile. 
Mills,  Chile. 

d.  The  National  History  of  Uruguay. 

(1)  Formation  and  Rise  of  Uruguay. 

(a)  The  Bases  of  National  Life. 

i.   Physiographic  conditions:  soil  and  climate, 
ii.   Physical  relations  to  surrounding  states, 
iii.   Racial  elements:  a  "white  man's  country." 

(b)  Early  Political  Struggles  and  Vicissitudes. 
i.   The  artificial  origin  of  Uruguay. 

ii.   Early  relations  with  Brazil  and  Argentina. 
iii.   Foundation  of  the  Republic:  Artigas. 

(2)  Later  Political  and  Economic  Development. 

(a)  Domestic  and  Foreign  Struggles. 

i.   Formation  of  political  parties:  wars, 
ii.  Intervention  of  Argentina:  results, 
iii.   Continuation  of  factional  struggles. 
iv.  Establishment  of  stable  government:  the  constitution. 
v.   Contemporary  government  and  politics. 

(b)  Social  and  Economic  Conditions. 

i.  Rapid  growth  of  population:  total. 

ii.  Rise  of  industries  and  commerce. 

iii.  Centering  of  national  life  in  Montevideo, 

iv.  Intellectual  and  religious  conditions. 

Brief  References: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  40-56;  (economic') 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  680-683. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  127-133. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  262-275. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  200-201. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  21 1-2 16. 


60  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  196-231. 
Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  349-365;   (descriptive). 
Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  227-287. 
Jones,  South  America,  pp.  218-230. 
Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  272-282. 

Additional  Readings: 

Domville-Fife,  A  Chapter  in  the  United  States  of  Brazil. 

Koebel,  Uruguay. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

2.    Course  of  the  Undeveloped  Republics 
a.  The  Caribbean  States:   Venezuela  and  Colombia. 

(1)  The  Career  of  Venezuela. 

(a)  Foundations  of  Modern  Venezuela. 

i.  Relative  proportions  of  racial  elements, 
ii.   Physiography  and  natural  resources. 
iii.  National  beginnings:  inclusion  in  Great  Colombia. 
*   (b)  Political  Struggles  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
i.   Revolt  from  Colombia :  federalism, 
ii.  The  series  of  dictators:  Guzman  Blanco;  Castro, 
iii.   Bankruptcy  and  foreign  complications. 
(c)  Social  and  Economic  Conditions. 

i.   Social  conditions:  ignorance  and  stagnation, 
ii.   Reaction  of  civil  war  on  trade  and  industry. 

(2)  Struggles  of  Independent  Colombia. 

(a)  Beginnings  of  Colombian  Statehood. 
i.   Physical  and  racial  foundations. 

ii.   Separation  from  Spain:  New  Granada. 

(b)  Internal  Problems  and  Progress. 

i.  Decentralization:  the  United  States  of  Colombia. 

ii.  Prevalence  of  domestic  warfare:  dictators. 

iii.  Return  to  centralization:  the  Republic, 

iv.  Financial  and  economic  distress. 


RISE  OF  THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS    61 

(c)  Late  International  Developments. 

i.  The  revolution  and  independence  of  Panama, 
ii.   Controversies  with  the  United  States  of  America. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  673-674. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  101-112,  201-212. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  283-294. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  1 76-181. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  216-221,  153-159. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  591-647. 
Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  1 14-138;  (economic). 
Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  347-475. 
Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  11 7-1 54. 
Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  276-288,  205-218. 

Additional  Readings: 

Dal  ton,  Venezuela. 

Eder,  Colombia. 

Levine,  Colombia. 

Petre,  The  Republic  of  Colombia. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

b.  The  Pacific  States:  Ecuador  and  Peru. 
(1)  Ecuador  in  the  Past  Century. 

(a)  Basis  of  Modern  Ecuador. 

i.  Character  of  the  country  and  people. 

ii.  Relation  to  the  Spanish  presidency  of  Quito. 

iii.   Conditions  after  independence:  military  struggles. 

iv.   Separation  of  Ecuador,  1830:  Flores. 

(b)  Annals  of  the  New  State. 

i.  The  succession  of  wars  and  dictators, 
ii.   Internal  improvements:  Garcia  Moreno, 
iii.  Relations  of  Church  and  State. 
iv.  Recent  social  and  economic  conditions. 


62  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(2)  The  Course  of  Peru. 

(a)  Early  Series  of  Political  and  Economic  Handicaps, 
i.   Geographical  and  social  foundations  of  Peru. 

ii.  The  second  struggle  for  independence, 
iii.  The  series  of  personal  and  factional  wars,  1826-1844. 

(b)  Rise  of  a  Centralized  Peruvian  State. 

i.  The  constructive  work  of  Ramon  Castilla. 

ii.  The  successful  war  with  Spain,  1865-186  6. 
iii.   Discovery  and  exploitation  of  nitrate  deposits, 
iv.   Internal  development  and  the  national  debt. 

(c)  The  Chilean  War  and  Reconstruction. 

i.   Nature  and  outcome  of  the  war  with  Chile,  1880- 
1883. 

ii.   The  financial  settlement:  foreign  interests, 
iii.   Recent  phases  of  the  Tacna-Arica  controversy, 
iv.   Present  political  and  social  stability. 

Brief  References:  % 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  673-674. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  213-221,  113-121. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  283-294. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  181-186. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  174-180,  205-209. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  505-554,  577^591. 
Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  91-113;   (economic). 
Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  vol.  i,  pp.  285-347,  3-135. 
Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  155-170,  264-292. 
Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  219-230,  245-261. 
Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  3-93. 

Additional  Readings: 
Enock,  Ecuador. 

Peru. 

Martin,  Peru  of  the  20th  Century. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

Vivian,  Peru 


RISE  OF  THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS    63 

c.  The  Interior  States:  Bolivia  and  Paraguay. 

(1)  The  Evolution  of  Bolivia. 

(a)  Origins  of  Bolivia. 

i.  The  geography  of  the  region, 
ii.  Its  relation  to  the  wars  for  independence. 
iii.  The  succession  of  dictators  and  alliances. 

(b)  From  Anarchy  to  Political  Stability, 
i.   Bolivia  a  political  outcast. 

ii.  Restoration  of  order  by  strong  men. 
iii.  The  war  with  Chile:  loss  of  seacoast. 

(c)  Social  and  Economic  Conditions, 
i.   Bolivia's  mining  record. 

ii.  Exploitation  of  the  lowland  district, 
iii.   Character  of  the  population:  the  Church. 

(2)  The  Rise  and  Struggles  of  Paraguay. 

(a)  Early  Chapters  in  Paraguayan  History, 
i.  Physical  characteristics  of  the  country. 

ii.  Early  settlers:  arrival  of  the  Jesuits. 
iii.  Achievement  of  separation  and  independence. 

(b)  Political  Development  of  the  Nation. 

i.   Francia's  reign:  a  policy  of  isolation, 
ii.  The  regime  of  the  elder  Lopez, 
iii.  Francisco  Lopez  and  the  Paraguayan  War. 
iv.  Defeat  and  practical  ruin. 

(c)  Paraguay  since  1870. 

i.  Political  history:  increase  in  population, 
ii.  Present  agricultural  possibilities. 

Brief  References: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  79-90. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  122-126,  191-200. 

Koebel,  South  America,  pp.  245-263. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  183,  186-188. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  130-136,  201-205. 


64  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  130-196,  554-577. 

Dawson,    History  of  South  America,  vol.  ii,  pp.   235-347;    vol. 

pp.   165-227. 
Jones,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  249-263,  231-248. 
Porter,. The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  138-155,  231-244. 

Additional  References: 

Koebel  Paraguay. 

Walle,  Bolivia. 

Washburn,  The  History  of  Paraguay. 

Wright,  Bolivia. 


C.    COURSE  OF  THE  NORTHERN  LA  TIN  ST  A  TES 
AND  DEPENDENCIES 

1.  History  of  the  Continental  Republics 
Outline  of  Mexican  Evolution. 
(1)  The  Period  of  Domestic  and  Foreign  Struggles. 

(a)  Establishment  of  the  Republic. 

i.   Mexico:  the  land  and  its  inhabitants, 
ii.   Formation  and  overthrow  of  the  Empire. 
iii.  Chronic  violence:  the  appearance  of  Santa  Anna. 

(b)  Conflict  with  Texas  and  the  United  States. 
i.  The  revolt  of  Texas. 

ii.  Mexican  defeat  and  Texan  independence. 
iii.  War  with  the  United  States:  results. 
iv.   Subsequent  financial  difficulties  in  Mexico. 

(c)  European  Intervention  and  Invasion. 

i.  European  financial  interests  in  Mexico, 

ii.  Preparations  for  allied  intervention, 

iii.  The  French  phase:  Empire  of  Maximilian, 

iv.  United  States  diplomacy:  overthrow  of  the  Empire. 


THE   NORTHERN  LATIN   STATES  65 

(2)  Recent  Political  and  Industrial  Growth. 
{a)  Strong  Rule  and  Internal  Development, 
i.  The  regime  of  Juarez:  State  and  Church, 
ii.   The  administration  of  Diaz,  1877-1911. 
iii.  Rise  of  Mexican  credit  and  prestige. 

(b)  Return  to  Political  Instability. 

i.   The  revolution  of  1910-191 1 :  cientificos. 
ii.  Internal  disorder  and  United  States  intervention, 
iii.   Recent  developments  and  existing  problems. 

(c)  Social  and  Economic  Conditions. 

i.   Mexican  industries  and  foreign  interests, 
ii.   Social  problems:  the  peon  and  the  Indian. 

Brief  References: 

Augbinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  156-167;  (economic). 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  x,  pp.  676-677. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  202-210. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  189-193. 


Longer  Accounts: 

Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions,  vol.  ii,  pp.  37-76;  (documentary). 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  140-163. 

Latane*,  The  United  Slates  and  Latin  America,  pp.  193-238,  263-264, 
307-311- 


Additional  Readings: 

Barron,  The  Mexican  Problem. 

Enock,  Mexico. 

Fyfe,  The  Real  Mexico. 

MacHugh,  Modern  Mexico. 

Martin,  Mexico  of  the  20th  Century. 

Morris,  The  Story  of  Mexico. 

Reed,  Insurgent  Mexico. 

Winter,  Mexico  and  Her  People  of  Today. 


66  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

b.  The  Central  American  States. 

(i)  Evolution  of  Central  American  Political  Policies. 

(a)  The  Basis  of  Central  American  Development. 
i.   Geographical,  soil,  and  climatic  conditions. 

ii.  Races  and  social  classes  represented, 
iii.  The  variety  and  contrast  of  conditions. 

(b)  Collective  Development  of  the  Central  American  States, 
i.  Composition  of  the  Central  American  federation. 

ii.   Character  of  the  government:   abuses, 
iii.  The  parting  of  the  ways,  1838. 
(2)  Aspects  and  Results  of  Separate  Development. 

(a)  Economic  and  Social  Progress. 

i.  Resources  of  the  Central  American  states, 
ii.   Unwise  administrations  and  national  debts, 
iii.  European  financial  demands:  United  States  anxiety. 

(b)  Outline  of  Political  Events. 

i.  Walker's  exploits  in  Nicaragua. 

ii.  Difficulties  with  Nicaragua  and  Honduras  after  1906. 
iii.  Terms  of  the  Nicaraguan  treaty  of  1916:  protests, 
iv.  End  of  the  Central  American  Court  of  Justice. 

v.  Attempt    at  a  new   Central    American  federation, 
1921-1922. 

(c)  The  Appearance  of  Independent  Panama, 
i.  Economic  basis:  the  Canal  Zone. 

ii.  Relations  with  neighboring  states:  Costa  Rica, 
iii.  Extent  of  United  States  intervention:  Caribbean  pol- 
icy. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  672-673. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  222-226. 
Latane,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  280-288. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  210-213. 


THE  NORTHERN  LATIN  STATES  67 

Longer  Accounts:- 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  138-155;  (economic). 
Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  Stales,  pp.  148-217. 
Munro,  Tlie  Five  Republics  0}  Central  America,  pp.  1-163. 
Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  11-15,  92-110. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  159-163,  168-171. 
182-185,  187-189,  193-201,  209-211. 

Further  Reading: 

Bishop,  Panama,  Past  and  Present. 

Domville-Fife,  Guatemala  and  the  States  of  Central  America. 

Gomez- Villafranca,  Costa  Rica. 

Koebel,  Central  America. 

Martin,  Salvador  of  the  20th  Century . 

Winter,  Guatemala  and  Her  People  of  Today. 

2.  Isxand  States  and  Colonies 
a.  The  West  Indian  Republics. 
(1)  Bases  of  West  Indian  History. 

(a)  Physiography  of  the  West  Indies. 

i.  Their  volcanic  origin:  topography, 
ii.   Climatic,  soil,  and  moisture  conditions. 

(b)  Social  conditions  and  Economic  Resources, 
i.  Racial  elements:  proportions  of  negroes. 

ii.  Natural  resources  and  agricultural  adaptation. 
(2)  The  Rise  of  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo. 

(a)  Evolution  of  the  Republic  of  Haiti. 

i.  Origin  and  character  of  French  control, 
ii.  Revolution  under  Toussaint  L'Ouverture. 
iii.  Establishment  of  a  negro  despotism, 
iv.  Political  distress  and  United  States  intervention. 

(b)  The  History  of  Santo  Domingo. 

i.  Relation  to  the  Haitian  Republic, 

ii.  Wars  for  independence  from  Spain  and  Haiti. 

iii.  Establishment  of  the  Dominican  Republic, 

iv.  Loss  of  financial  independence. 


68  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(3)  A  Survey  of  Cuban  Development.    - 

(a)  Political  Changes  in  Cuba. 

i.   Spanish  misrule  and  Cuban  revolts, 
ii.  Liberation  and  formation  of  a  republic, 
hi.  Relations  with  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

(b)  Economic  and  Social  Conditions. 

i.   Growth  of  the  sugar  and  tobacco  industries, 
ii.  Progress  in  education  and  general  culture. 

Brief  References: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  226-231. 

Keller,  Colonization,  pp.  329-341. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  148-159,  259-264. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  163-168,  185-187. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  168-185;   (economic). 
Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  pp.  80-106. 
Latang,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  83-143,  276-280, 
288-290. 

Additional  Readings: 

Eves,  The  West  Indies. 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America. 

Robinson,  Cuba,  Old  and  New. 

Schoenrich,  Santo  Domingo:  A  Country  with  a  Future. 

Verrill,  The  Book  of  the  West  Indies. 

,  Cuba,  Past  and  Present. 

*  Wright,  Cuba. 

b.  Foreign  Colonial  Possessions  in  Latin  America. 
(1)  European  Colonies  on  the  American  Continent. 

(a)  British  Interests  in  Central  America. 

i.  Origin  and  extent  of  British  Honduras, 
ii.  Economic  and  diplomatic  aspects  of  the  colony, 
iii.  British  relations  with  Nicaragua. 

(b)  The  Guianas  in  La  tin- American  History. 
i.  Early  English  attempts  at  colonization. 

ii.  Activities  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company. 


THE  NORTHERN  LATIN  STATES  69 

iii.  Establishment  of  French  settlements, 
iv.  Nature  of  the  colonists  and  their  governments, 
v.  Lack  of  progress  in  the  Guianas. 
(2)  Maritime  Colonies  in  the  New  World. 

(a)  European  Island  Colonies. 

i.  Location  and  extent  of  British  possessions. 

ii.  Remaining  French  holdings. 

iii.  Extent  of  the  Dutch  West  Indies, 

iv.  Miscellaneous  colonial  holdings:  the  Falklands. 

v.  Political  and  commercial  importance  of  these  colonies. 

(b)  United  States  Possessions  in  the  Caribbean, 
i.  History  and  ownership  of  Porto  Rico. 

ii.   Political,  social  and  economic  conditions. 
iii.   Purchase  of  the  Danish  West  Indies. 
iv.  Political  and  strategic  value  of  the  Virgin  Isles. 

Brief  References: 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  pp.   130-132, 

166-167, 251-253, 330-342. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  105-106, 125, 151,312. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  22,  28. 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  145-150,  1 71-174, 

180-182. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  A  merica,  pp.  186-2 1 1 ;  (economic) . 
Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  pp.  17-80, 98-106. 
LatanS,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  135,  157-164,  238- 
249,  264,  289-290. 

Additional  Readings: 

Aspinwall,  The  British  West  Indies. 

Eves,  The  West  Indies. 

Hill,  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  with  Other  Islands. 

Koebel,  Central  America. 

Rodway,  Guiana:  British,  French,  and  Dutch. 

Rowe,  The  United  States  and  Porto  Rico. 

Westergaard,  The  Danish  West  Indies. 

Verrill,  The  Book  of  the  West  Indies. 


III.    LATIN-AMERICAN     PROBLEMS    AND 
COLLECTIVE    DEVELOPMENT 

A.    NATIONAL  GROWTH  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN 
STATES 

i.  Stages  in  National  Evolution 
a.  The  Age  of  Dictators,  1826-18 52. 

(1)  Explanation  of  the  Period. 

(a)  Causes  of  the  Dictator  Phenomenon, 
i.  The  lack  of  political  experience. 

ii.  Opportunities  for  usurpation  of  power, 
hi.  Absence  of  foreign  contact  and  restraint, 
iv.  Limits  of  the  period  of  dictators. 

(b)  Characteristic  Features  of  Personal  Government. 

i.  Promulgation  of  constitutions  and  pronunciamentos. 
ii.   Government  for  the  privileged, 
iii.  The  attitude  of  the  masses, 
iv.   Frequency  of  change  of  control. 

(2)  Characteristics  and  Methods  of  Dictators. 

(a)  Usual  Traits  of  the  Group. 

i.   Personal  ambition  and  vanity, 
ii.   Dependence  on  military  despotism, 
iii.   Distribution  of  political  spoils, 
iv.  Their  methods  of  silencing  opposition. 

(b)  Comparison  of  Typical  Dictators. 

i.   Enlightened  despotism  of  Guzman  Blanco. 

ii.  Paraguay  under  Francia  and  Carlos  L6pez. 
iii.   Constructive  work  of  Ramon  Castilla.    f&s^^ 
iv.   Rosas  and  Argentine  nationality. 

v.   Character  of  the  Diaz  regime,  (ifi-  - 1  °\\  °) 
70 


GROWTH  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN  STATES        71 

Brief  References: 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  101-105,  245,  249. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  11-21. 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  24-31. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  81-90. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  178-179,  183,  202,  205-208. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Brycc,  South  America,  pp.  524-540. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  86-117,  196-197. 
Jones,  South  America,  pp.  143-154,  201-206,  231-241,  268-274,  277- 
282. 

Additional  Readings: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America. 

Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  2  vols. 

Enock,  The  Repttblics  of  South  and  Central  America. 

Hayes,  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern  Europe,  vol.  ii. 

Koebel,  The  History  of  South  America. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

b.  The  Struggle  for  Political  Stability,  18 52-1876. 

(1)  General  Characteristics  of  the  Period. 

(a)  Rise  of  Factions  and  Parties. 

i.   Causes  for  rival  factions:  usual  number, 
ii.   Elements  represented  in  party  politics, 
iii.  Bearing  of  parties  on  political  stability. 

(b)  The  Character  of  Political  Issues. 

i.  Predominance  of  religious  and  group  interests, 
ii.   Frequent  clashes  between  hostile  parties, 
iii.   Sporadic  appearance  of  dictators. 

(2)  Outcome  of  the  Transition  Period. 
(a)  Effects  of  Party  Evolution. 

i.  Partial  extension  of  the  franchise:  reasons, 
ii.   Beginning  of  internal  improvements. 
iii.   Growing  strength  of  the  liberal  elements. 


72  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  Frequent  Changes  in  Form  of  Government. 
i.  Numerous  changes  in  New  Granada. 

ii.  Federal  tendencies  in  Venezuela, 
iii.   Centripetal  forces  in  Argentina. 

(c)  The  Evolution  of  Brazil. 

i.   Continued  adherence  to  monarchy, 
ii.   Gradual  and  peaceful  political  development. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  540-546. 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  142-147. 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  31-33. 

Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  11-23. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  90-93. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  165-166,  180-181,  197-199. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  201-248. 

Jones,  South  America,  pp.  126-137,  143-154,  187-193,  205-213. 

Additional  Readings: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America. 
Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  2  vols. 
Enock,  The  Republics  of  South  and  Central  America. 
Hayes,  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern  Europe,  vol.  ii. 
Koebel,  The  History  of  South  America. 
Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
£Also  see  histories  of  individual  states.] 

c.  The  Period  of  National  Progress,  18J6-IQ22. 
(1)  General  Character  of  the  Recent  Period. 
(a)  Causes  for  New  and  Changed  Conditions. 
i.   Growth  in  political  experience, 
ii.  Partial  lessening  of  economic  evils, 
iii.  Development  of  natural  resources. 
iv.  Effects  of  foreign  capital  and  immigration. 


GROWTH  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN  STATES        73 

(b)  Phases  of  Political  and  Social  Progress, 
i.   Rise  of  a  new  aristocracy  of  wealth, 
ii.   Further  extension  of  popular  governmental  control, 
iii.   Improvements  in  cultural  activities, 
iv.   Interest  in  social  and  labor  problems. 
(2)  Brief  Survey  of  Recent  Development. 

(a)  Changes  in  National  Status. 

i.  Further  political  changes  in  Colombia, 
ii.   Mexican  improvements  under  Diaz, 
iii.  Establishment  of  the  United  States  of  Brazil, 
iv.  Significance  of  the  Chilean  crisis  of  1891. 
v.  The  liberation  of  Cuba. 

(b)  Outstanding  Results  of  the  Recent  Period. 

i.   General  advance  and  progress  in  Latin  America, 
ii.  Extension  of  prestige  abroad. 

Brief  References: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  235-248. 
Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  21-23. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  93-96. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  214-221. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  546-551,  570-580,  etc. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  243-256,  302-308,  315-316. 
Jones,  South  America,  pp.  134-139,  etc.,  326-340. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  33-49. 

Additional  Readings: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America. 
Dawson,  History  of  South  America,  2  vols. 
Enock,  The  Republics  of  South  and  Central  America. 
Hayes,  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern  Europe,  vol.  ii. 
Koebel,  The  History  of  South  America, 
Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
[Also  see  histories  of  individual  states J 


74  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

2.  Political  Characteristics  of  Latin- 
American  States 

a.  Types  of  Latin- American  Government. 
(i)  The  Latin-American  Conception  of  Government. 

(a)  Theories  of  Democracy  and  Representation, 
i.   Latin-American  definition  of  democracy. 

ii.  Usual  bases  of  representation  and  suffrage, 
iii.  Absence  of  belief  in  political  toleration. 

(b)  The  Attitude  toward  Constitutional  Government. 
— i.  Constitutions  as  statements  of  ideals. 

ii.   Frequent  changes  in  instruments  of  government. 

(c)  The  Varieties  of  Latin-American  Republics, 
i.   Instances  of  centralized  government. 

ii.  Rise  of  federal  republics, 
iii.   Factors  determining  the  form  of  government. 
(2)  Functions  and  Departments  of  Government. 

(a)  The  Executive  Authority. 

-  i.  Methods  of  presidential  nomination  and  election, 
ii.  Types  and  functions  of  executive  councils. 

(b)  The  Legislative  Branch. 

i.  Predominance  of  the  bi-cameral  system, 
ii.   Methods  of  election:  qualifications, 
iii.  Tendencies  toward  parliamentary  government. 

(c)  The  Judiciary. 

i.  Usual  types  and  interrelation  of  courts, 
ii.   Selection  and  functions  of  judges:  Roman  law. 

Brief  References: 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  248-251. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  141-146. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  214-220. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  127-128,  132,  140, 
ISS-I56>  etc. 


GROWTH  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN  STATES        75 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  66-70,  95,  115,  118,  125,  226, 
313,  321-324,  331-337, 4I4-4I5,  4i8,  536-537,  555-557,  563-564, 
631-632,  etc. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  221,  344,  423-453. 

Dodd,  Modem  Constitutions,  vol.  i,  pp.  1-30,  140-182,  227-264;  vol.  ii, 
pp.  37-76. 

Garcia- Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  235-280. 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  24-49. 

Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  367-385. 

Additional  Readings: 

Babson,  The  Future  of  South  America. 
Cleraenceau,  South  America  Today. 
Enock,  The  Republics  of  South  and  Central  A  merica. 
Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

b.  Governmental  Policies  and  Administration. 

(1)  Government  Revenue  and  National  Policy. 

(a)  Sources  of  State  Funds. 

i.   Size  and  location  of  the  burden  of  taxation, 
ii.   Kinds  of  excise  taxes  and  internal  revenue, 
iii.  The  tariff  as  a  political  issue, 
iv.  Questions  relating  to  currency  and  national  debts. 

(b)  Matters  of  General  Policy. 

i.   Military  systems  and  universal  service, 
ii.  Interest  in  internal  development, 
iii.  Attitude  toward  social  and  religious  problems. 

(2)  Features  of  Political  Activity. 

(a)  Nature  of  Political  Issues. 

i.   Government  for  party  interests. 
ii.  The  dominance  of  financial  issues, 
iii.  Questions  of  internal  improvement. 

(b)  Party  Politics  and  Alignment. 

i.  Types  of  conservative  and  progressive  parties, 
ii.   Political  malcontents  and  party  change. 
iii.   Religious  matters  in  party  organization. 


76  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  Political  Abuses  and  Partial  Remedies. 

i.  Relative  absence  of  public  opinion:  illiteracy, 
ii.   Kinds  and  extent  of  political  corruption, 
iii.  Inefficiency  of  bureaucratic  government. 
iv.  Election  reform :  the  ballot  in  Argentina. 

Brief  References: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  105,    188-189,  583,    603-604, 

632,  etc. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  146-15 1. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  214-215,  217,  218. 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  -with  Latin  America,  pp.  140,  156,  169-170, 

177, 184,  203,  213,  etc. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  358-359,  524-550. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  365-377. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  24-49. 
Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  331-367. 

Additional  Readings: 

Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions,  vols,  i  and  ii. 
Enock,  The  Republics  of  South  and  Central  America. 
Clemenceau,  South  America  Today. 
Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
[Also  see  histories  of  individual  republics.] 

3.  Latin- American  Inter-State  Relations 
a.  Partial  Disintegration  and  Resultant  Problems. 
(1)  Dissolution  of  Early  Federations. 
(a)  Centrifugal  Tendencies  after  the  Revolutionary  Wars. 
i.  The  forces  tending  toward  disintegration, 
ii.  The  question  of  centralization  versus  federation. 
iii.   Character  of  the  states  decentralized  or  disrupted. 
iv.  Impossibility  of  a  United  States  of  South  America. 


GROWTH  OF  LATIN-AMERICAN  STATES        77 

(b)  The  Early  Disappearance  of  Great  Colombia, 
i.  Origin  and  first  extent  of  the  state. 

ii.  Its  basis:  the  individual  prowess  of  Bolivar, 
iii.  The  rise  of  Venezuela,  Ecuador,  New  Granada. 

(c)  Decline  of  the  Central  American  Federation, 
i.   Formation  of  the  federation,  1824-1825. 

ii.  Elements  of  discord:  inter-state  rivalry, 
iii.   Dissolution  of  the  pact, 
iv.   Subsequent  attempts  at  federation,  e.g.:  1842,  1847, 

1921. 
v.   Recent  inter-state  gelations:  the  Court  of  Justice. 
(2)  Resolution  of  Forces  in  Unstable  Political  Combinations. 

(a)  Separation  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Haiti, 
i.  Their  mutual  wars  for  independence. 

ii.  The  establishment  of  separate  republics:  causes. 

(b)  The  Panama-Colombia  Controversy. 

i.  Long  standing  grievances  against  Colombia. 

ii.  Panama's  unsuccessful  attempts  at  revolution, 

iii.  Factors  in  the  revolution  of  1903. 

iv.  Continuation  of  strained  Colombian  relations. 

Brief  References: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  222-226,  347. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  36-39,  102,  217-223,  324,  333,  346. 
Jones,  South  America,  pp.  11 7-1 26,  etc. 
Latane\  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  268-276. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  101-103. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,'  pp.    148-149,    155-156,    180-181, 
210-213. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  446-474. 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  164-203. 

Additional  Readings: 

Abbot,  Panama  and  the  Canal. 
Akers,  History  of  South  America. 
Bunau-Varilla,  fhe  Greaf  Adventure  of  Panama. 


78  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Eder,  Colombia. 

Enock,  The  Republics  of  South  and  Central  America. 

Koebel,  Central  America, 

South  America. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

b.  Aspects  of  Inter-State  Difficulties. 
(i)  Serious  Internecine  Wars. 

(a)  The  War  against  Paraguay,  1864-18  70. 
i.   Causes  of  the  war:  Francisco  Lopez. 

ii.  The  desperate  character  of  the  struggle, 
iii.  Effects  on  the  warring  powers, 
iv.  Disappearance  of  quarrels  in  mutual  recovery. 

(b)  The  War  of  the  Pacific,  1879-1883. 

■  i.  Origin  of  the  boundary  and  political  disputes, 
ii.  The  economic  basis:  nitrates, 
iii.   Course  of  the  war  and  Chilean  success. 
iv.  Adjustment  of  the  Tacna-Arica  question. 
v.   Recent  phases:  submission  to  the  League  of  Nations. 
(2)  Non-militant  Adjustment  of  Contentions. 

(a)  The  Use  of  Arbitration. 

i.  The  Chile-Argentina  boundary  controversy, 
ii.   Significance  of  the  Christ  of  the  Andes, 
iii.  Other  settlements  by  arbitration. 

(b)  Recent  Attempts  at  Cooperation. 
i.  Purpose  of  the  ABC  alliance. 

ii.  Latin-American  representation  at  The  Hague, 
iii.   Results  of  the  Washington  Peace  Conference  (1907). 
iv.  The  real  status  of  Pan-Americanism. 

(c)  Prospects  for  Future  Accord. 

i.  Existing  difficulties:  boundary  problems,  etc. 
ii.  Extent  of  militarism  and  national  armaments. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  448-451. 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  p.  687. 


Scale  of  Miles 

EXPOSITION: 


VI.    Hispanic-American  Political  Development 


LATIN-AMERICAN  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS        79 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  196-197,  348-349. 
Jones,  South  America,  pp.  241-246,  308,  etc. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  96-101. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  183,  185,  etc. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  178-180,  251-252,  256,  335,  381-382, 

391,  etc. 
LatanS,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  309-319,  329-334. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  204-227. 

Additional  Readings: 

Borchard,  The  Question  of  the  Pacific. 

Calderon-Cousino,  Short  Diplomatic  History  of  Chilean-Peruvian  Re- 
lations. 
Goldsmith,  Smith  American  Opinions  on  the  War. 
Hull,  The  Hague  Conferences. 
Kirkpatrick,  South  America  and  the  War. 
Markham,  The  War  between  Chile  and  Peru. 
Martua,  The  Question  of  the  Pacific. 
Rocuant,  The  Neutrality  of  Chile. 


B.    CONTEMPORARY  LATIN-AMERICAN  SOCIAL 
CONDITIONS 

1.  Analysis  of  Latin- American  Society 
a.  The  Social  Structure. 
(1)  Racial  Elements  in  the  Latin-American  Nations. 

(a)  Racial  Composition  of  Different  States. 

i.  Numerical  predominance  of  the  Indian, 
ii.   Regional  distribution  of  negroes:  Brazil, 
iii.  The  "white"  states:  reasons. 

(b)  Relative  Numbers  of  Racial  Elements. 

i.  Difficulties  of  accurate  estimation :  the  census, 

ii.  Latin-American  methods  of  race  determination. 

iii.  Approximation  of  numbers  and  ratios, 

iv.  Comparison  of  different  sections. 


80  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  The  Process  of  Race  Amalgamation, 
i.  Lack  of  race  prejudice:  intermarriage, 
ii.  Types  of  racial  mixtures:  characteristics, 
iii.  Effects  of  race  mingling  on  national  traits. 
(2)  Latin  America  as  a  Racial  and  Social  Laboratory. 

(a)  The  Addition  of  New  Social  Elements. 
i.  Recent  waves  of  immigration. 

ii.  European  countries  represented:  motives. 
iii.  The  trend  of  settlement. 

(b)  Effects  of  the  Extensive  Immigration. 

i.  Relative  numbers  of  the  new  elements, 
ii.  Establishment  of  European  group  settlements. 
iii.  Latin- American  attitude:  immigration  inducements. 

Brief  References: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  283-289. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  22-23,  247,  255,  279-281. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  5-1 1,  21-23. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  221-226. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  454-483,  563-570- 
Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  139-207. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  121-141. 

Additional  Readings: 

Adams,  Plateau  People  of  South  America. 
Babson,  The  Future  of  South  America. 
Clemenceau,  South  America  Today. 
Neely,  South  America:  Its  Missionary  Problem. 
Palmer,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems. 
Ruhl,  The  Other  Americans. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
Speer,  South  American  Problems. 
[Also  see  histories  of  individual  republics.] 


LATIN-AMERICAN  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS        81 

b.  Types  of  Social  and  Labor  Problems. 

(i)  The  Bases  of  La  tin- American  Social  Strata. 

(a)  The  Higher  Social  Strata. 

i.  Political  and  social  dominance  of  the  whites, 
ii.  Influence  of  wealth  and  family  in  social  standing, 
iii.  Usual  identity  of  political  and  social  positions, 
iv.  Relation  between  occupation  and  social  gradations. 

(b)  The  System  of  Peonage:  Origin  and  Extent. 
i.  The  economic  basis  for  peonage. 

ii.  Social  status  and  style  of  life  of  the  peon, 
iii.  Variations  in  conditions  of  peonage, 
iv.  Forces  supporting  the  system :  labor  regulations. 
(2)  The  Problems  of  Social  Life. 

(a)  Housing  and  Health  Conditions. 

i.  Housing  conditions  in  city  and  country, 
ii.  Significance  of  the  death  rate:  figures. 
iii.  Rising  interest  in  housing  and  sanitation. 
iv.  Important  work  by  Americans:  Guayaquil;  Panama. 

(b)  Questions  of  a  Moral  Nature. 

i.  Moral  laxity:  marriage  laws  and  their  abuse, 
ii.  Increasing  prevalence  of  divorce, 
iii.  Resultant  evils  and  proposed  remedies. 

(c)  Problems  Relating  to  the  Church. 

i.  Extensive  power  and  influence  of  the  clergy. 

ii.  Luxury  and  corruption  in  the  Church, 

iii.  Exploitation  of  the  ignorant  masses, 

iv.  Movements  toward  separation  of  Church  and  State. 

Brief  References: 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  351-364. 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  245-248. 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  6-14. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  131-135,  138-141. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  222-223,  226-228,  234-237. 


82  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  40,  470-483,  582-587,  589,  etc. 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  511-525. 

Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  139-230,  299-330. 

Additional  Readings: 

Adams,  Conquest  of  the  Tropics. 
Babson,  The  Future  of  South  America. 
Clemenceau,  South  America  Today. 
Neely,  South  America:  Its  Missionary  Problem. 
Palmer,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems. 
Ruhl,  The  Other  Americans. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
Speer,  South  American  Problems. 
[Also  see  histories  of  individual  republics.] 

c.  Aspects  of  Latin-American  Life  and  Customs. 

(1)  Features  of  Individual  Life  and  Family  Character. 

(a)  The  Latin-American  Home. 

i.  Types  of  buildings:  urban  and  rural, 
ii.  The  position  of  woman:  variations, 
iii.   Nature  of  home  life :  hospitality, 
iv.  Comparison  of  classes  as  to  housing  and  food. 

(b)  Influence  of  the  Church:  Irreligion. 

—  i.   General  attitude  toward  religious  observances, 
ii.   Moral  instruction  and  prevalence  of  immorality. 

iii.   Tendencies  toward  religious  liberty. 

(2)  Types  of  Social  Activities. 

(a)  Latin-American  Sports  and  Diversions. 

i.  Influence  of  English,  French  and  American  games, 
ii.   Relative  interest  in  outdoor  sports, 
iii.   Popularity  of  animal  baiting  and  racing. 

(b)  Popular  Pastimes  and  Amusements. 

—  i.   Prevalence  and  forms  of  gambling. 
ii.  Interest  in  festivals  and  carnivals. 

iii.  The  place  of  the  opera. 


LATIN-AMERICAN  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS        83 

(c)  Evidences  of  Latin  Temperament. 

i.   Styles  of  dress:  origin  and  ostentation, 
ii.   Characteristics  of  social  etiquette, 
iii.   Social  customs  in  business. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  175-176,  221-222,  318,  328,  345,  415,  582- 

586. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  7-14. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  135-141. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Ballou,  Equatorial  America,  pp.  102-110,  180-188,  231-238,  361-365, 

etc.;  (city  conditions). 
Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  173-207. 

Additional  Readings: 

Ford,  Tropical  America. 

Franck,  Vagabonding  Down  the  A  tides;  etc. 

Neely,  South  America:  Its  Missionary  Problems. 

Palmer,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems. 

Ruhl,  The  Other  Americans. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 

Speer,  Missions  and  Modern  History. 


2.  Intellectual  and  Cultural  Development 
a.  Problems  and  Progress  in  Education. 
(1)  Popular  Education  in  Latin  America. 

(a)  The  Educational  Problem. 

tl  Illiteracy:  causes  and  extent  (percentages). 

ii.  Obstacles  to  popular  education:    economic  and  re- 
ligious. 

(b)  Progress  in  Popular  Education. 

i.   Compulsory  elementary  education  laws:  results. 
ii.  Nature  and  control  of  secondary  schools, 
iii.  Foreign  influences  in  education. 


84  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  Development  of  Higher  Education. 

i.  Establishment  of  universities:  examples, 
ii.   Purpose  and  organization  of  universities. 
iii.   Character  of  advanced  work:  libraries  and  equipment. 
(2)  Achievements  in  Intellectual  Endeavor. 

(a)  Development  in  the  Arts  and  Sciences, 
i.  Beginnings  of  scientific  education. 

ii.  Industrial  and  technical  instruction, 
iii.  Progress  in  educational  methods. 

(b)  Interest  in  Educational  Problems. 
-  i.  Establishment  of  normal  schools. 
--ii.  Attempts  at  rural  education. 

iii.  Evidences  of  popular  interest  in  education, 
iv.  Immensity  of  the  educational  problem. 

Brief  Readings: 

Ballou,  Equatorial  America,  pp.  1 21-12 2,  255-257,  355-356,  etc. 
Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  575,  579-580. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  11-12. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  192-204. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  129,  134,  141,  157, 
162,  166,  170,  178,  192,  204,  213-214,  220,  etc. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Akers,  History  of  South  America,  pp.  41,  123-125,  312-313,  328,  415- 

4i7,  534-536,  569-570,  607-609,  etc. 
Moses,  South  America  on  the  Eve  of  Emancipation,  pp.  143-166. 
Ross,  South  of  Panama,  pp.  253-298. 

Additional  Readings: 

Babson,  The  Future  of  South  America. 
Brandon,  Latin  American  Universities  and  Special  Schools. 
Enock,  The  Republics  of  Central  and  South  America. 
Palmer,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems. 
Ruhl,  The  Other  Americans. 

Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
Speer,  South  American  Problems. 
[Also  see  histories  of  individual  republics.] 


LATIN-AMERICAN  SOCIAL  CONDITIONS        85 

b.  Attainments  in  General  Culture. 

(1)  Evidences  of  Public  Spirit. 

(a)  Growth  of  Charitable  Institutions. 

i.  Treatment  of  pauperism  and  delinquency, 
ii.  Methods  of  treatment  of  crime, 
iii.  Number  and  nature  of  public  service  institutions. 

(b)  Attempts  at  Social  and  Intellectual  Instruction. 
i.  Establishment  of  public  libraries. 

ii.  Nature  and  growth  of  La  tin- American  journalism, 
iii.   Characteristic  newspapers  and  magazines. 

(2)  Advance  and  Accomplishments  in  the  Fine  Arts. 

(a)  Latin-American  Writing  and  Literature. 

i.  Origin  and  development  of  literary  forms. 

ii.   Foreign  influence:  e.g.,  French, 
iii.  Lines  of  notable  development, 
iv.  Outstanding  names  in  poetry, 
v.  Progress  in  historical  and  scientific  writing. 

(b)  Evidences  of  Artistic  Capabilities, 
i.  Achievements  in  music. 

ii.  Latin-American  painting  and  sculpture, 
iii.   Attainments  in  architecture, 
iv.  Expression  of  the  artistic  impulse. 

Brief  References: 

Blakeslee,  Latin  America,  pp.  299-306. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  232-324. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  512-523,  574-580. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  249-289. 
Koebel,  The  South  Americans,  pp.  109-130. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  204-250. 

Additional  Readings: 

Bartholomew,  A  Literary  and  Historical  Atlas  of  America. 
Bierstadt,  Three  Plays  from  Argentina. 
Calderon,  Eight  Dramas. 


86  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Coester,  The  Literary  History  of  Latin  America. 

Hale,  The  South  Americans. 

Lamborn,  Mexican  Paintings  and  Painters. 

Second  Pan-American  Commercial  Conference,  Report. 

Starr,  Readings  from  Modem  Mexican  Authors. 

Turrell,  Spanish- American  Short  Stories. 

c.  Evidences  of  Civic  Spirit. 

(i)  Evolution  of  Modern  Latin- American  Cities. 

(a)  Considerations  of  Health  and  Convenience. 

i.   Civic  cleanliness:  sewage  and  water  systems. 

ii.   Improvements  in  sanitation, 
iii.   Sources  of  food  supply:  markets, 
iv.  Lighting,  policing,  and  safety  precautions. 

(b)  Traffic  and  Transportation  Facilities. 
i.  Laws  and  customs  of  city  traffic. 

ii.  Vehicles:  predominance  of  motor  cars, 
iii.  Extent  of  street  railway  systems, 
iv.  Ownership  of  public  utilities. 
(2)  Noteworthy  Features  of  the  Latin-American  Metropolis. 

(a)  Beautification  of  Centers  of  Population, 
i.   Cities  as  expression  of  life  and  culture. 

ii.   Character  of  streets  and  boulevards, 
iii.   Evidences  of  city  planning:  park  systems, 
iv.   Influences  of  European  cities:  Paris. 

(b)  Types  and  Qualities  of  Civic  Structures. 

i.  Prominence  and  character  of  public  buildings. 
ii.  Number  and  quality  of  theatres, 
iii.  Comparison  with  cities  of  the  United  States. 

Brief  References: 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  27,  37-40,  66-156. 
Porter,  The  Ten  Republics,  pp.  68-76,  124-126,  167-168. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  140-141,  153,  181. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  227-228. 


ECONOMIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS       87 
Longer  Accounts: 

Ballou,  Equatorial  America,  pp.  99-102,  128-129,  141-144,  163-177, 
218-219,  226-231,  246-248,  252-263,  354-359,  etc. 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  40-54,  171-186,  210-218,  260-267,  315-324, 
351-356, 374-386,  etc. 

Koebel,  The  South  Americans,  pp.  109-130. 

Additional  Readings: 

Blakeslee,  Latin  America. 

Franck,  Vagabonding  Down  the  Andes. 

Hale,  The  South  Americans. 

Mozans,  Through  South  A  merica's  Southland. 

Peck,  The  South  American  Tour. 

Ruhl,  The  Other  Americans. 

Second  Pan-American  Commercial  Conference,  Report. 

Van  Dyke,  Through  South  America. 


C.    LATIN -AMERICAN  ECONOMIC  AND 
INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS 

1.  Types  of  Farming  Activities 
a.  Plant  Industries  of  the  Tropics. 
(1)    Tropical  Plants  of  Industry. 

(a)  Characteristics  of  Tropical  Industries. 
i.  Extent  and  degree  of  soil  cultivation. 

ii.  Types  of  labor  and  related  problems. 

(b)  The  Rubber  Industry. 

i.  Origin  of  the  trade:  harvesting  methods, 
ii.   Rapid  growth  of  the  rubber  trade:  value. 

(c)  Cultivation  of  Fabric  Plants. 

i.   Extent  of  cotton  production, 
ii.   Growing  importance  of  flax,  hemp,  sisal. 

(d)  Production  of  Narcotics  and  Drugs. 

i.  Areas  and  relative  value  of  tobacco  cultivation, 
ii.  Varieties  and  sources  of  herbs  and  drugs. 


8$  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(2)  Commercial  Varieties  of  Food  Plants. 

(a)  Development  of  the  Fruit  Industry. 

i.   Extent  of  the  banana  industry:  Costa  Rica, 
ii.   Cultivation  of  citrus  fruits, 
iii.   Methods  of  packing  and  shipping:  chief  markets. 

(b)  Coffee  and  Cocoa  Production, 
i.  Areas  of  growth:  Brazil. 

ii.   Cultivation  and  harvesting  methods, 
iii.   Commercial  value  and  markets. 

(c)  Sugar  and  Allied  Industries. 

i.  Distribution  of  sugar, areas:  West  Indies, 
ii.   Cultivation  and  milling  methods, 
iii.   By-products:  value  of  molasses  and  rum. 

Brief  References: 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  29-31;   (exports). 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  14-19. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  158-163. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  242-243. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  136-137,    141-144, 
166-167,  I7I>  184,  196-197,  200-201,  etc. 

Further  Reading: 

Adams,  Conquest  of  the  Tropics. 

Bartholomew,  An  Atlas  of  Economic  Geography. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Special  Consular  Reports: 

Cocoa  Production  and  Trade,  No.  50. 

Tobacco  Trade  of  the  World,  No.  68. 
Finch  and  Baker,  Geography  of  the  World's  Agriculture. 
Pearson,  The  Rubber  Country  of  the  Amazon. 
[Also  see  histories  of  the  tropical  republics.] 

b.  Agricultural  Development  in  Temperate  Regions. 
(1)  Factors  in  Temperate  Farming. 
(a)  The  Land  Situation. 

i. .  Extent  of  public  lands:  homestead  acts, 
ii.   Relation  of  cheap  land  to  immigration. 
iii.   Conditions  of  sale:  size  of  estates  (haciendas). 


ECONOMIC  AND   INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS       89 

(b)  Aids  to  Agricultural  Extension. 

i.   State  provisions  for  bounties,  loans,  etc. 
ii.   Functions  of  tariffs  and  tax  exemptions, 
iii.   Agricultural  and  farm  loan  banks. 
(2)  Character  of  Agricultural  Activities. 

(a)  Distribution  and  Extent  of  Temperate  Farming. 
i.   Dependence  on  climate  and  rainfall. 

ii.   Serious  lack  of  marketing  facilities, 
iii.   Production  for  local  consumption, 
iv.   Competition  between  plant  and  stock  farming. 

(b)  Latin-American  Farming  Methods, 
i.  Types  of  labor:  peonage. 

ii.  The  use  of  domestic  animals, 
iii.   Kinds  and  quality  of  farm  machinery. 

(c)  Variety  and  Importance  of  Farm  Products, 
i.   Introduction  of  foreign  food  plants. 

ii.  The  growing  production  of  cereals, 
iii.   Relative  value  of  grain  exports. 

Brief  References: 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  29-31;  (exports). 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  157-158. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  245-247. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  129-130,  152-153, 
192,  209,  215,  etc. 

Further  Reading: 

Barrett,  South  America,  the  Land  of  Opportunity. 

Bartholomew,  An  Atlas  of  Economic  Geography. 

Bryce,  South  America:  Observations  and  Impressions. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Special  Agents  Series: 

Whelpley,  Trade  Development  in  Argentina,  No.  43. 

Wilson,  South  America  as  an  Export  Field,  No.  81. 
Finch  and  Baker,  Geography  of  the  World's  Agriculture. 
Shepherd,  The  Hispanic  Nations  of  the  New  World. 
South  American  Yearbook. 

Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trading  Conditions. 
[Cf.  histories  of  the  temperate  zone  states,  consular  reports,  etc.] 


go  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

c.  Importance  of  Live  Stock  Industries. 
(i)  Extent  of  the  Grazing  Business. 

(a)  Introductory  Considerations. 

i.   Sections  adapted  to  stock  raising. 

ii.   Size  of  ranches  {estancias) ;   cf.  western  United  States, 
iii.  Extent  of  cattle  raising:  Argentina, 
iv.  Varieties  of  marketable  animals. 

(b)  Factors  Contributing  to  the  Grazing  Industry. 

i.  Experiment  stations  and  information  bureaus, 
ii.   Services  of  national  expositions, 
iii.   Miscellaneous  sources  of  propaganda. 
(2)  Economic  Value  of  the  Animal  Industries. 

(a)  Stock  Raising  Methods: 

i.  Introduction  of  European  animal  strains. 
ii.   Live  stock  breeding:  evolution  of  new  types, 
iii.  Rapid  increase  in  live  stock  numbers, 
iv.  Application  of  scientific  stock  raising  methods. 

(b)  Relation  of  Animal  Growing  to  the  Foreign  Trade, 
i.   The  meat  packing  industry:  methods. 

ii.  The  export  and  value  of  raw  wool, 
iii.  The  value  of  hides,  tallow,  dairy  products, 
iv.  Present  tendency  of  the  trade:  prices. 

Brief  References: 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  29-31;  (exports). 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  154-155,  163-165. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  240-242. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  130,  141-142,  215, 
221,  etc. 

Further  Reading: 

Bartholomew,  An  Atlas  of  Economic  Geography. 

Bryce,  South  America:  Observations  and  Impressions. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Special  Agents  Series: 

Boots  and  Shoes  in  Argentina,  Uruguay  and  Paraguay,  No.  30. 

Tanning  Materials  of  Latin  America,  No.  28. 


ECONOMIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS       91 

National  Foreign  Trade  Conventions,  Proceedings. 
Pan-American  Commerical  Conferences,  Reports. 
South  American  Yearbook. 

U.S.  Commerce  Reports,  1918,  No.  144:  Meat  Packing  in  South  America. 
Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions. 
Wilcox  and  Rines,  Encyclopedia  of  Latin  America. 
[See  also  histories  of  individual  republics.] 


2.  Mining  and  Manufacturing  Conditions 
a.  Exploitation  of  Natural  Resources. 

(1)  Extent  and  Va'ue  of  Mineral  Wealth  in  Latin  America. 

(a)  Nitrates  and  Their  Utilization. 

i.  Nature  and  uses  of  nitrates:  origin, 
ii.  Value  of  the  South  American  fields:  Chile, 
iii.   Methods  of  mining  and  shipping. 

(b)  Stores  of  Metals  and  Precious  Stones. 

i.  Extent  of  deposits  of  precious  metals, 
ii.  Annual  output  of  silver  and  gold:  Bolivia, 
iii.   Mining  production  of  the  baser  metals, 
iv.  Quality  and  value  of  precious  stones:  Brazil. 

(c)  Growth  of  the  Oil  Industry. 

i.   Extent  and  value  of  oil  fields:  Mexico. 
—  ii.  Attraction  of  foreign  capital. 

(d)  Factors  in  Mining  Development. 

i.  Liberal  mining  concessions  and  regulations, 
ii.   Governmental    encouragement:     machinery    impor- 
tations. 

(2)  Resources  of  the  Soil. 

(a)  Potentialities  of  the  Tropics. 

i.   Unexplored  tropical  regions:  primitive  forests. 
ii.   Possibilities  in  river  transportation. 
iii.  Extent  and  value  of  the  logging  industry. 


92  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  Exploitation  of  the  Soil. 

i.  Varieties  of  soil  and  climatic  conditions. 

ii.   Soil  utilization:  drainage  and  irrigation, 
--iii.  Available  water  power. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  41-42,  75-76,  202,  207-208,  241-247,  336, 

390-394,  558-560. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  156-157. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  238-240. 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.   135-136,  158,   174, 

205,  209,  221,  etc. 

Further  Reading: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America. 
Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Commerce  Reports,  1918,  No.  235:  The  Mexican  Oil  Situation. 
Simmons,  Lumber  Markets  of  the  East  Coast  of  South  America;  Lum- 
ber Markets  of  the  West  and  North  Coasts  of  South  America;  Special 
Agents  Series,  Nos.  112,  117. 
The  Zinc  Industry  in  Mexico;  Special  Consular  Reports,  No.  41, 
part  ii. 
Cuevas,  The  Nitrate  Industry. 

Miller  and  Singe wald,  The  Mineral  Deposits  of  South  America. 
Second  Pan-American  Commercial  Conference,  Report. 
South  American  Yearbook. 
Wilcox  and  Rines,  Encyclopedia  of  Latin  America. 

b.  Rise  of  Manufacturing  Industries. 

-  (1)  Existing  Problems  in  Factory  Development. 

(a)  The  "Sinews"  of  Manufacturing. 

i.   Scarcity  of  capital  and  skilled  labor, 
ii.  Employment  of  foreign  capital:  instances. 
-  iii.   Questions  of  machinery  and  fuel. 

(b)  Efforts  toward  Industrial  Independence. 
—  i.   Recent  interest  in  water  power. 

ii.  Regulation  of  duties:  high  protection, 
iii.   Government  attention  to  industrial  necessities. 


40 


10 


Equator 


10 


20 


/»pr  icorn 
/••!••• —••••• 


30 


Scale    of    Miles 

EXPOSITION: 


40 


90  80  70 60 


VII.    Economic  Conditions  in  South  America 


ECONOMIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS       93 

(2)  Characteristics  of  Latin-American  Manufactures. 

(a)  Types  of  Manufacturing  Activity. 

i.  The  appearance  of  textile  factories, 

ii.  Character  of  the  metal  industries, 

iii.  Manufacture  of  sugar  products. 

"    iv.  Packing  industries  and  manufacture  of  by-products, 

v.  Fabrication  for  local  needs:  the  domestic  system. 

(b)  The  Relation  of  Manufacturing  and  commerce. 
i.   The  tendency  toward  economic  independence. 

ii.  Relation  of  manufactures  to  the  staple  industries, 
iii.  Establishment  of  European  and  American  branch 

factories, 
iv.  Absence  of  manufacturing  in  the  tropics. 

v.  The  present  unfavorable  balance  of  trade. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  336,  354,  413,  etc. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  15-16. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  165-168. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  243-245. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  120,  136,  144,  153, 
iSS-159,  167,  179,  192,  215,  221,  etc. 

Further  Reading: 

Cattell,  Foreign  Commercial  Guide. 

National  Foreign  Trade  Conventions,  Accounts  of  Proceedings. 

Pan-American  Directory. 

Proceedings  of  the  International  Trade  Conference. 

Ross,  South  of  Panama. 

Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

South  American  Yearbook. 

Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions. 

Wilcox  and  Rines,  Encyclopedia  of  Latin  America. 


IV.  PAN -AMERICANISM   AND  INTERNATIONAL 
RELATIONS 

A.    EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES 
i.  Transition  Stages  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine 
a.  Early  Variations  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 
(i)  Corollaries  of  National  Expansion. 

(a)  The  Period  of  National  Realization. 

i.   Interpretations  of  the  Doctrine  from  1823  to  1826. 

ii.   Its  application  to  the  Falkland  Islands  case, 
iii.   Its  use  in  Cuban  protection, 
iv.  Revival  of  the  Doctrine,  1844. 

(b)  The  Monroe  Doctrine  in  National  Aggression. 

i.  The  Mexican  War  and  Latin-American  Attitude, 
ii.   Formulation  of  the  Polk  Doctrine, 
iii.  The  Doctrine  in  canal  negotiations, 
iv.  Evolution  of  the  Doctrine  of  American  Supremacy. 
(2)  Growth  of  the  Idea  of  Intervention. 

(a)  The  French  Invasion  of  Mexico,  1861-1867. 
i.   Motives  and  causes  for  the  invasion. 

ii.   Exposition  of  the  Seward  Doctrine, 
iii.   Withdrawal  of  French  forces:  moral  effect. 

(b)  The  Doctrine  of  Paramount  Interest. 

i.  Interest  in  Cuba:  the  Virginius  affair. 

ii.  The  American  Doctrine  of  Secretary  Fish, 

iii.  Re-application  to  the  Canal  question, 

iv.  American  intervention  in  South  America,  1 881-1883. 

v.  Gradual  extension  of  American  policy. 

04* 


EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES  95 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  600-692. 
Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  pp.  454-461. 
Koebel,  British  Exploits  in  South  America,  pp.  156-162. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  263-264. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  92-107. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  60-67,  84-127. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  60-182. 
Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  pp.  370-410. 
LatanS,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  193-237. 

Additional  Readings: 

Burke,  A  Life  of  Benito  Juarez. 

Chadwick,  The  Relations  of  Spain  and  the  United  Slates. 

Hall,  Life  of  Maximilian  I. 

Hart,  The  Foundations  of  American  Foreign  Policy. 

Hoskins,  French  Altitude  toward  the  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Mexican 

Expedition,  in  The  Hispanic  American  Historical  Review,    vol.  iv, 

No.  4  (Nov.  1921). 
Johnson,  America's  Foreign  Relations  (2  vols.). 
Rives,  The  United  States  and  Mexico,  1821-1848  (2  vols.). 
Smith,  The  War  with  Mexico,  1846-1848. 

b.  Phases  of  the  American  Doctrine. 

(1)  Changes  Evoked  by  the  Venezuela  Controversy. 

(a)  Historical  Basis  of  the  Dispute. 

i.  Indefiniteness  of  old  Spanish  boundaries, 
ii.  Issues  aroused  by  the  discovery  of  minerals. 

(b)  The  Course  of  the  Controversy. 

i.  Efforts  toward  and  failures  at  agreement, 
ii.   British  rejection  of  arbitration  offers. 

(c)  Intervention  of  the  United  States. 

i.  Olney's  despatch  to  Great  Britain, 
ii.  Features  of  the  Cleveland-Olney  Doctrine, 
iii.  Peaceful  settlement  of  the  matter. 


96  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(2)  Recent  views  of  the  American  Doctrine. 

(a)  Growing  Influence  of  Caribbean  Affairs, 
i.   Effects  of  the  Spanish-American  War. 

ii.   The  Monroe  Doctrine  at  The  Hague, 
iii.  The  Panama  Canal  in  American  theories, 
iv.  Evolution  of  an  American  Caribbean  Policy. 

(b)  Doctrinal  Pronouncements  of  Recent  Administrations, 
i.  New  Features  in  the  Roosevelt  Doctrine. 

ii.   Significance  of  the  Magdalena  Episode  (191 2). 
iii.  The  Wilson  idea  of  American  relations. 

(c)  The  World  War  and  the  American  Doctrine. 

i.   Effect  of  participation  in  European  conflicts, 
ii.   The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  League  of  Nations. 
iii.   Outgrowths  of  The  Washington  Peace   Conference 
(1921-1922). 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modem  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  687-689. 
Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  pp.  467-475. 
Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  pp.  1-17. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  104-105. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  1 16-132. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  128-143,  159-205. 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  183-242. 

Jones,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  323-353. 

LatanS,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  238-260,  320-334. 

Additional  Readings: 

Fish,  American  Diplomacy. 
Goldsmith,  South  American  Opinions  on  the  War. 
Hall,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Great  War. 
Johnson,  America's  Foreign  Relations  (2  vols.). 
Kirkpatrick,  South  America  and  the  War. 
Moore,  Principles  of  American  Diplomacy. 


EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES  97 

2.  The  Caribbean  Policy  of  the  United  States 
a.  The  Isthmian  Canal  and  Its  Problems, 
'i)  History  of  Isthmian  Canal  Projects. 

(a)  Early  Plans  for  a  Canal. 

i.   Influence  of  the  Suez  Canal, 
ii.   Formation  and  failure  of  a  French  company. 

(b)  Anglo-American  Relations  Respecting  the  Canal, 
i.   British  claims  to  interest  in  a  canal. 

ii.  English  attempts  to  secure  a  canal  route, 
iii.  The  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty,  1850. 
iv.   Later  changes  in  American  and  British  attitude. 
v.  The  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty,  1901. 
(2)  Construction  and  Significance  of  the  Canal. 

(a)  Acquisition  of  the  Canal  Zone. 

i.  The  treaty  with  Colombia,  1846. 

ii.  Survey  and  choice  of  canal  routes. 

iii.  Purchase  of  French  canal  snares, 

iv.  The  Panama  Revolution, 

v.  The  subsequent  canal  treaty. 

(b)  Importance  of  the  Inter-Oceanic  Canal, 
i.  The  task  of  completing  the  Canal. 

ii.   Its  commercial  and  strategic  value. 
iii.  Other  practicable  canal  routes:  Nicaragua, 
iv.  The  question  of  canal  tolls. 

v.  The    relation    to    Latin-American     and    European 
affairs. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii.  pp.  685-686,  698-699. 
Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  68-83. 
Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  306-309;   (commercial). 
Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  pp.  456-458,  461-467. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  258-259. 


98  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Longer  Accounts: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  1-36;   (descriptive). 
Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  397~445,  475-5935   (descriptive). 
Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  pp.  148-229. 
LatanS,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  144-192,  268-276. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  43-76. 

Additional  Readings: 

Abbot,  Panama  and  the  Canal. 

Bunau-Varilla,  The  Great  Adventure  of  Panama. 

Forbes-Lindsay,  Panama  and  the  Canal  Today. 

Hutchinson,  The  Panama  Canal  and  International  Trade  Competition. 

Williams,  Anglo-American  Isthmian  Diplomacy. 

b.  Hegemony  of  the  United  States  in  Central  America. 
(1)  Political  and  Economic  Conditions  in  Central  America. 

(a)  Survey  of  the  Prevailing  Political  Situation, 
i.   Contrasts  in  political  stability. 

ii.   Political  results  of  economic  improvement. 

(b)  Financial  and  Economic  Burdens. 

i.   Relative  size  of  national  debts:  cf.  Honduras, 
ii.   Corruption  in  financial  administration:  railroads, 
iii.   Instances  of  bankruptcy:  European  liability, 
iv.   Recent  tendencies  toward  solvency. 
(2)  United  States  Aid  and  Intervention. 

(a)  American  Funding  of  Debts. 

i.  Loans  and  investments  in  Costa  Rica, 
ii.  Appeals  from  Honduras  and  Salvador, 
iii.   American  funds  in  Guatemala. 

(b)  Establishment  of  the  Nicaraguan  Protectorate, 
i.   Financial  aid  to  Nicaragua. 

ii.   Terms  of  the  treaty  of  1916. 

iii.   Consequent  difficulties  with  neighboring  states. 


EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES  99 

(3)  The  Central  American  Policy  of  the  United  States. 

(a)  United  States  Interests  in  Central  America. 

i.  Identity  of  economic  control  and  political  influence, 
ii.   Direction  of  United  States  imperialism :  canal  interests, 
hi.  The  field  for  business  and  commercial  expansion. 

(b)  Characteristic  Questions  of  Future  Policy. 

i.  Extent  of  moral  and  political  responsibility, 
ii.  Degree  of  intervention  for  justice  and  order. 
iii.  Attitude  of  South  American  states;  e.g.,  Colombia. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  689-691. 
Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  60-64. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  104-106. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  257-259. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  37-42. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  317-336. 

Jones,  Caribbean  Interests,  pp.  17-33,  148-193. 

Latan6,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  261-291. 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  227-264,  303-320. 

Additional  Readings: 

Borchard,  The  American  Mediterranean. 
Fish,  American  Diplomacy. 
Hodges',  The  Doctrine  of  Intervention. 
Moore,  Principles  of  American  Diplomacy. 
Palmer,  Central  America  and  Its  Problems. 

c.  American  Interests  in  the  West  Indies. 
(1)  Features  of  the  Spanish- American  War. 
(a)  Interest  of  the  United  States  in  Cuba, 
i.   Strategic  position  and  trade  opportunities. 
ii.  American  indignation  at  Cuban  oppression. 


ioo  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  The  Causes  of  the  War  with  Spain. 

i.  Resolution  of  the  United  States  Congress. 

ii.  Fruitless  negotiations  with  Spain, 
iii.  Effects  of  American  filibustering  expeditions, 
iv.  Destruction  of  the  battleship  Maine. 

(c)  Phases  of  the  Spanish  War. 

i.  Decisive  victories  of  American  forces, 
ii.  The  occupation  of  Porto  Rico, 
iii.  Terms  of  the  final  settlement. 

2)  Recent  Expansion  of  American  West  Indian  Interests. 

(a)  Extent  of  Political  and  Economic  Control. 

i.   Guarantee    of    Cuban    independence:      the    Piatt 

Amendment, 
ii.   Subsequent  intervention  in  Cuban  affairs, 
iii.  The  Exploitation  of  Porto  Rico, 
iv.  The  Haitian  and  Dominican  " protectorates." 

v.   Purchase  of  the  Virgin  Islands. 

(b)  Reaction  on  La  tin- American  Attitude. 

i.   Effect  of  expansion  on  the  Monroe  Doctrine, 
ii.  Latin-American  interpretation  of  developments. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  pp.  696-698. 
Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  pp.  458-459. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  313-322. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  337-348. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  259-261. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  77-91. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  pp.  17-33. 
Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  pp.  359-378. 
Latane,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  83-143,  261-291, 
328-329. 


EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES         101 
Additional  Readings: 

Borchard,  TJtc  A  merican  Mediterranean.  *    ' 

Chadwick,  The  Relations  of  the  United  States  arid  Spain. 

Fish,  American  Diplomacy.  ,  • 

Johnson,  America's  Foreign  Relations. 

MacCorkle,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  in  Its  Relation  to  the  Republic  of  Haiti. 

Moore,  Principles  of  American  Diplomacy. 

Robertson,  The  Beginnings  of  Spanish- American  Diplomacy. 

Rowe,  The  United  States  and  Porto  Rico. 

Schoenrich,  Santo  Domingo:  A  Country  with  a  Future. 

3.  Recent  Theories  of  Latin- American  Relations 
a.  European  Altitude  toward  the  American  Doctrine. 

(1)  Basis  of  the  European  Point  of  View. 

(a)  European  Theories  of  American  Relationships. 

i.  Attitude  toward  the  doctrine  of  American  isolation. 
ii.   Reception  of  the  original  Monroe  Doctrine, 
iii.  The  subsequent  practice  of  " watchful  waiting." 

(b)  European  Interests  in  America. 

i.   Existence  of  European  colonies  in  America. 

ii.  Investment  of  capital  in  Latin  America, 
iii.   Growth  of  business  and  commercial  relations, 
iv.  The  bonds  created  by  European  migration. 

v.  Effects  of  excess  population  in  Europe. 

(2)  Testing  and  Eventual  Acceptance  of  the  American  Policy. 

(a)  Instances  of  Attempted  Infringement. 

i.   Cases  of  joint  European  action:  1823,  1861. 
ii.  Definite  withdrawal  of  France  and  Spain, 
iii.   Subsequent  British  aggressions, 
iv.  Recent  attitude  of  Germany  and  Japan. 

(b)  Evidences  of  Dislike  and  Distrust. 

i.  Effect  of  United  States  colonial  expansion, 
ii.  Hostility   displayed   by   European   statesmen:    in- 
stances. 
iii.  Attitude  of  European  publicists:  the  press. 


102  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

,  < ,     (c)  Partial  Recognition  of  the  American  Policy. 

i:  Understandings  with  the  United  States  on  Latin 
America, 
ii.  Treaty  recognition:    the   Hague    (1899)   and  Ver- 
sailles (191 9). 

Brief  Accounts: 

Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations,  Art.  21. 

Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  290-297,  323-331. 

Hague  Convention,  Proces-verbaux,  pt.  i,  p.  69  (1899);  Actes  et  docu- 
ments, vol.  i,  p.  335  (1907). 

Latang,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  222-223,  238-255, 
322-326,  331-333- 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  253-255. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  133-143,  267-289. 

Hall,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Great  War. 

Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  269-298. 

Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  pp.  411-450. 

Additional  Readings: 

Bigelow,  American  Policy:   the  Western  Hemisphere  in  Its  Relation  to 

the  Eastern. 
Fuller  ton,  Problems  of  Power. 
Hodges,  The  Doctrine  of  Intervention. 
Johnson,  America's  Foreign  Relations. 
Latane,  America  and  Britain. 
Powers,  America  Among  the  Nations. 
Reddaway,  The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

b.  The  Latin-American  Doctrine. 

(1)  Latin- American  Views  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 
(a)  Changes  in  Latin-American  Attitude. 

i.  Favorable  reception  of  the  first  pronouncement. 
ii.  Growth  of  general  dislike  of  the  doctrine. 
ill.  Opinions  of  representative  Latin-Americans. 


EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES         103 

(b)  Reasons  for  Latin-American  Hostility, 
i.   Denial  of  Latin-American  equality, 
ii.  Lack  of  voice  in  all-American  affairs. 
iii.   Disregard  of  Latin-American  abilities. 
(c)  Substitutes  for  the  American  Doctrine. 

i.  Trial  and  failure  of  Pan-American  congresses, 
ii.   Evolution  of  the  ABC  combination, 
iii.   Evidences  of  a  Latin-American  sentiment. 
^2)  Proposed  Changes  in  the  American  Doctrine. 

(a)  The  Calvo  Doctrine  (1867). 

i.  Definition  of  the  rights  of  individuals, 
ii.  The  doctrine  of  diplomatic  intervention, 
iii.   Its  relation  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

(b)  The  Drago  Doctrine  (1902). 

i.   Definition  of  the  bases  for  foreign  intervention, 
ii.  The  use  of  force  and  of  arbitration, 
iii.   Relation  to  previous  doctrines. 

(c)  Latin  America  and  the  Great  War. 

i.   Grouping  of  Latin-American  states  on  war  issues, 
ii.   Significance  of  the  attitude  shown, 
iii.   Latin  America  and  the  League  of  Nations. 

Brief  References: 

Bryce,  South  America,  pp.  507-512. 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  p.  701. 

LatanS,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  312-319. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  102-104. 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  265-266. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  1-12. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  218-266. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  335-350,  387-400. 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  243-268. 

Martin,  Latin  America  and  the  War;  League  of  Nations,  vol.  ii,  pp.  227- 
270. 


104  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Additional  Readings: 

Hingham,  The  Monroe  Doctrine;  an  Obsolete  Shibboleth. 
Hall,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Great  War. 
Kirkpa trick,  South  America  and  the  War. 
Moore,  Principles  of  American  Diplomacy. 
Reyes,  The  Two  Americas. 

c.  Pan- Americanism. 

(i)  Early  Pan-American  Projects. 

(a)  Origin  of  the  Idea. 

i.  Official  suggestions,  1822-1825. 

ii.   Efforts  of  John  Quincy  Adams, 
hi.  Provisions  for  a  congress  at  Panama  (1826). 
iv.   Unfavorable  response  and  failure. 

(b)  Revival  of  Pan-American  Plans. 

i.   Discussions  and  proposals  in  1878. 
ii.   Plans  for  a  congress  at  Washington,  1889. 
iii.  Attendance  and  sessions  of  the  meeting, 
iv.   Its  resolutions  and  lasting  accomplishments. 
(2)  Recent  Attempts  at  Pan-American  Realization. 

(a)  Continuation  of  International  American  Conferences, 
i.   Review  of  the  Mexican  Conference,  1901. 

ii.   Work  of  the  Third  Conference  (1906);  treaties, 
iii.   Estimation  of  the  Fourth  Congress  (1910). 

(b)  Accomplishments  of  Subsidiary  Bodies, 
i.  Labors  of  the  Pan-American  Union. 

ii.  Work  of  recent  financial  congresses. 

(c)  The  Status  of  Inter-American  Relations. 

i.  The  ideas  and  theories  of  Pan-Americanism, 
ii.  Reasons  for  the  paucity  of  results, 
iii.  Prospects  for  future  accord  and  cooperation. 

Brief  References: 

Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  p.  700;  (Panama  Congress). 
Foster,  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy,  pp.  451-454;  (Panama  Con- 
gress). 


VIII.    Pan-American  Relations 


EVOLUTION  OF  AMERICAN  POLICIES         105 

Henderson,  American  Diplomatic  Questions,  pp.  342-358;    (Panama 

Congress). 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  99,  104-106. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  267-269. 
Tucker,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  23-36;  (Panama  Congress). 

Longer  Accounts: 

Edgington,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  55-59,  206-217,  290-314. 
Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  334-346;  (Pan-American 

commercial  relations). 
Hart,  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  pp.  349-403. 
Latan6,  The  United  States  and  Latin  Atnerica,  pp.  292-319. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  204-226. 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  108-124. 

Additional  Readings: 

Barrett,  Pan- America  and  Pan-Americanism. 
Chad  wick,  Pan-American  Congresses. 
Hall,  The  Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  Great  War. 
Hull,  The  Monroe  Doctrine:  National  or  International? 
Root,  Miscellaneous  Addresses. 
Usher,  Pan-Americanism. 
[See  also  the  Bulletins  of  the  Pan-American  Union.] 


B.    FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS 

1.  Factors  in  Latin- American  Trade  Development 

a.  Monetary  and  Banking  Conditions. 

(1)  Survey  of  La  tin- American  Monetary  Systems. 

(a)  Nature  of  the  Coinage. 

i.   Units  and  standards  of  value. 
ii.   Usual  small  circulation  of  coin. 

(b)  Character  of  the  Currency. 

i.  Wide  variations  in  monetary  systems. 
ii.   Extent  and  value  of  paper  currency, 
iii.   Causes  of  wide  fluctuations. 


106  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(2)  The  Banking  Situation. 

(a)  Latin-American  Financial  Methods. 

i.   Government  finance:  indebtedness  and  solvency, 
ii.   Bond  issues  and  speculation, 
iii.   Corporation  financing  methods:  exchanges. 

(b)  Influence  of  Foreign  Banks. 

i.   European  dominance  of  finance, 
ii.   Number  and  size  of  Latin-American  banks, 
iii.   Kinds  of  banking  activities. 

(c)  American  Banking  Opportunities. 

i.   Reasons  for  European  banking  success. 
ii.   Comparison  of  European  and  American  methods. 
iii.  Unusual  opportunities  for  capital, 
iv.   Establishment  of  United   States  branch  banks:  in- 
stances. 

Brief  References: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  288-310. 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  vol.  xii,  692-694. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  378-386. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  150-153,  168-169. 

Longer  Accounts: 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  213-227,  504-510. 
Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  284-302. 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  126,  130,  137,  146, 
150,  154,  159,  163,  168,  175,  190,  198,  202,  212,  217,  etc. 

Additional  Readings: 

Cosby,  Latin  American  Monetary  and  Exchange  Conditions. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 
Commerce  Reports,  19 19,  No.  27;    The  New  Banking  Law  of  the 

Republic  of  Mexico. 
Hurley,  Banking  and  Credit  in  Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  and  Peru. 

Special  Agents  Series,  No.  90. 
Lough,  Financial  Developments  in  South  American  Countries.     Spe- 
cial Agents  Series,  No.  103. 
Wolfe,  Foreign  Credits.  Special  Agents  Series,  No.  62. 


FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS    107 

b.  Latin-American  Business  Methods. 

(1)  Types  of  Business  Enterprises. 
(a)  Methods  of  Merchandising. 

i.   Wholesale  and  retail  establishments, 
ii.   Markets  and  fairs, 
iii.   Use  of  the  metric  system. 
(6)  Foreign  Influence  in  Business  Affairs, 
i.   Foreign  capital  in  "big  business." 
ii.   Activities  of  trusts  and  monopolies. 

(2)  Important  Business  Customs. 
(a)  The  Conduct  of  Business. 

i.  Trade  loyalty,  reliability,  and  efficiency, 
ii.   Politeness  and  hospitality  in  business, 
iii.  The  value  of  personal  contact, 
iv.  Latin-American  business  ethics. 
{b)  Legal  Conditions  in  Latin  America. 

i.  The  predominance  of  Roman  law. 

ii.   Variation  of  laws:  mining  regulations. 
(c)  Relation  of  Politics  and  Business. 

i.   Irregular  practices  of  legal  authorities. 

ii.   Necessity  for  commercial  registration, 
iii.   Avenues  of  approach  to  business  firms, 
iv.   Extent  and  value  of  state  contracts. 

Brief  References: 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  44-56,  124-136. 

Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  169-173. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  28-55. 

Further  Reading: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America. 

Commercial  Laws  of  the  World  (Boston,  191 7). 

Cooper,  Understanding  South  America. 

Cosby,  Latin  American  Monetary  <tm1  Exchange  Conditions. 


108  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Savay,  Principles  of  Foreign  Trade. 

U.S.  Commerce  Reports,  1918,  No.  286:  Credit  Terms  in  Latin  America. 
Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions. 
[See  also  consular  reports,  histories  of  individual  states,  etc.] 

c.  Features  of  Latin- American  Commercial  Regulation. 

(1)  Tariff  Systems  in  Latin  America. 

(a)  The  Basis  of  La  tin- American  Tariffs, 
i.   Governmental  policies  of  protection. 

ii.  Difference  between  theory  and  practice. 

(b)  The  Operation  of  Tariff  Regulations. 

i.  Variations  in  rates  and  articles  taxed, 

ii.  The  use  of  surtaxes  and  exemptions, 

iii.  The  trial  of  preferential  tariffs:  Brazil, 

iv.  Methods  used  in  examining  goods. 

(2)  Customs  and  Regulations  Affecting  Foreign  Trade. 

(a)  Prevailing  Trade  Mark  Laws. 

i.  Means  of  registration  of  trade  marks, 
ii.   Frequent  exploitation  of  foreign  firms, 
iii.   Necessary  precautions  of  American  exporters, 
iv.   The  nature  of  copyright  laws. 

(b)  The  Importance  of  Trade  Marks  in  Latin  America, 
i.   The  danger  of  infringement  and  competition. 

ii.  Trade  values  of  design,  color,  etc.,  in  trade  marks. 

(c)  Government  Trade  Regulations. 

i.   Requirements  in  packing  and  marking  of  goods. 
ii.   Kinds  and  details  of  commercial  papers  required, 
iii.   Extent  of  supervision  of  imports  and  exports. 

Brief  References: 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  265-282. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  173-174. 


FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS    109 
Longer  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  266-287. 

Cattell,  Foreign  Commercial  Guide. 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  151-200,  228-238,  287-296, 

520-522. 
Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Tariff  Series,  Nos.  24,  24A,  24B,  Consular  Regulations  of  Foreign  Coun- 
tries (rev.  ed.). 
No.  31,  Registration  of  Trade-Marks  in  Latin  America. 
No.  34,  Tarif  Systems  of  South  American  Countries. 
Miscellaneous  Series,  No.  7,  Factors  in  Foreign  Trade. 
[[See  also  histories  of  individual  states,  yearbooks,  etc.] 

d.  Problems  of  Internal  Communication  and  Transportation. 

(1)  Characteristics  of  Overland  Transit. 

(a)  Survivals  of  Colonial  Conditions. 

i.   Sectional  lack  of  progress  in  transportation. 

ii.   Extensive  use  of  Indian  and  animal  carriers, 
iii.  Nature  of  mountain  and  provincial  roads, 
iv.  Difficulties  in  overland  trade. 

(b)  Recent  Introduction  of  Rapid  Communication, 
i.   Use  of  the  telegraph,  telephone  and  wireless. 

ii.   Interest  in  commercial  aviation. 

(2)  Development  of  Steam  Transportation. 

(a)  The  Value  of  Inland  Waterways. 

i.  Territories  penetrated  by  navigable  rivers, 
ii.   Cost  and  relative  safety  of  river  transportation, 
iii.   Character    of    river  and  lake    boats:    speed   and 
capacity. 

(b)  Coming  of  the  Era  of  Railways. 

i.  Origin  of  railway  programs:  sources  of  capital, 
ii.  Areas  opened  to  railway  facilities:  total  mileage, 
iii.  The  proportion  of  local  and  trunk  lines. 


no  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  Character  of  Railway  Policies. 
->  i.   State  and  private  ownership  of  roads, 
ii.  Prevailing  passenger  and  freight  rates. 
—  iii.  Politics  in  railway  construction, 
iv.   Pan-American  railway  projects. 

Brief  References: 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  418-430;  (Panama  Railroad). 
Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  118,  156,  186-187. 
Garcia-Calderon,  Latin  America,  pp.  381-386. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  179-189. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  247-251 

Additional  Readings: 

Bryce,  South  America;  (fragmentary  and  descriptive). 

Cattell,  Foreign  Commercial  Guide. 

Directory  of  Latin  America. 

Exporter's  Encyclopedia. 

Export  Trade  Directory. 

Halsey,  Railways  of  South  and  Central  America. 

South  American  Yearbook. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America. 
[See  also,  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Special  Agents 
Series,  Nos.  1,  5,  8,  9,  16,  19,  21,  22;    guides  to  Central  and  South  America; 
histories  of  individual  states,  etc.] 

e.  Shipping  and  Port  Facilities. 

(1)  Shipping  Lines  in  Latin- American  Service. 

(a)  Extent  of  the  Latin- American  Merchant  Marine, 
i.  Absence  of  large  shipping  companies. 

ii.  Ownership  of  the  vessels  in  the  coastal  trade, 
iii.  Native  boats  in  river  service. 

(b)  Foreign  Control  of  Latin-American  Trade, 
i.   European  monopoly  of  the  carrying  trade. 

ii.  Pre-war  lines  to  Latin  America. 

ii.   Ports  of  call  and  points  of  transshipment. 


FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS    in 

(c)  Revival  of  the  United  States  Merchant  Marine. 

i.  Effects  of  the  Great  War  on  United  States  Shipping, 
ii.  Partial  recovery  of  the  American  commercial  fleet, 
iii.   Lines  in  Latin-American  Service. 
(2)  Latin-American  Terminal  Conditions. 

(a)  Harbors  and  Port  Development. 

i.  Location  of  principal  Latin- American  ports, 
ii.   Dock  and  warehouse  facilities, 
iii.  Efforts  toward  and  expense  of  harbor  improvements. 

(b)  The  Use  of  Open  Roadsteads. 

i.  Harbor  handicaps  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 
ii.   Dependence  on  lighterage  service, 
iii.   Dangers  and  drawbacks  of  the  system. 

Brief  References: 

Bullard,  Panama,  pp.  588-590;   (Canal  shipping). 
Kilsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  310-313.  516-520. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  189-191. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  260-271. 

Verrill,  Getting  TogetJtcr  with  Lot  in  America,  pp.  95-107,  133-134,  149- 
150,  156-157,  165-166,  177-178,  199-200,  214-215,  etc. 

Additional  Readings: 

Cattell,  Foreign  Commercial  Guide. 

Exporter's  Encyclopedia. 

Export  Trade  Directory. 

Filsinger,  Trading  with  Latin  A  merica. 

Pan-American  Directory. 

Pepper,  American  Foreign  Trade. 

Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

Bureau    of    Foreign    and    Domestic    Commerce,    Special 
Agents  Series: 

Hutchinson,  Trade  Conditions  in  Brazil;  Trade  Conditions  in  Argentina, 
Uruguay  and  Paraguay;  Trade  Conditions  in  Central  America  and 
on  the  West  Coast  of  South  America,    Xos.  1,  8,  9. 

Sheridan,  Transportation  Rales  to  the  West  Coast  of  South  America, 
No.  72. 


ii2  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

2.    Survey  or  United  States  Business  Relations 
a.  Beginnings  of  Economic  Penetration. 

(i)  Factors  Controlling  the  Latin- American  Trade. 

(a)  History  of  the  Trade  with  Latin  America. 

i.   Colonial  and  early  national  commercial  intercourse, 
ii.   Reasons  for  trade  decline. 

(b)  Causes  for  Renewed  Commercial  Interest. 

~-  i.   Rise  of  United  States  industries:  market  needs, 
ii.   Demands  for  raw  materials, 
iii.   Recovery  of  the  merchant  marine:  war  effects, 
iv.   Results  of  changing  political  relations. 

(c)  Present  Status  of  the  American  Trade. 

i.   Steamship  lines  and  shipping  facilities, 
ii.   Extent  of  trade  growth:  statistics. 

(2)  Present  Degree  of  Economic  Penetration  in  Latin  America. 
—  (a)  United  States  Investments  in  Latin  America, 
i.   Extension  of  Government  aid  and  support. 

—  ii.   Private  capital  in  La  tin- American  industries. 

—  iii.   Comparison  of  American  and  European  investments. 

(b)  Latin  America  as  an  American  Market. 

i.  Establishment  of  United  States  export  agencies, 
ii.   Expansion  of  banking  institutions:  instances, 
iii.   General  interest  in  the  La  tin- American  field. 

(c)  Extent  of  European  Commercial  Relations, 
i.   Statistics  on  the  European  trade. 

ii.  Tendencies  since  the  World  War. 

Brief  References: 

Munro,  The  Five  Republics  of  Central  America,  pp.  303-320. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  177-179. 
Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  pp.  269-271. 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  56-67. 


FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS    113 
Longer  Accounts: 

Chandler,  Inter- American  Acquaintances,  pp.  1-66. 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  1-13,  310-313,  528-529. 

Jones,  Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  pp.  252-323. 

O'Mallcy,  Our  South  American  Trade  and  Its  Financing. 

Pepper,  American  Foreign  Trade. 

Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

Trade  Thoughts  of  the  Two  A  mericas. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Halscy,  Investments  in  Latin  America  and  the  British  West  Indies. 

Special  Agents  Series,  No.  169. 
Turner,  Trade  Developments  in  Latin  America.    Social  Agents  Series, 

No.  45- 

b.  Obstacles  to  American  Commercial  Success. 
(1)  The  Obstacles  of  Assumption  and  Prejudice. 

(a)  Ignorance  of  Latin- American  Conditions, 
i.  Absence  of  ties  with  southern  nations. 

ii.  Historical  reasons  for  mutual  ignorance. 

iii.  Strangeness  as  the  basis  of  trade  difficulties. 

(b)  Inherent  and  Acquired  Prejudices. 

i.  Results  of  racial  and  language  differences, 
ii.    Dissimilarity  of  institutions  and  traditions, 
iii.  Effect  of  national  pride  and  arrogance, 
iv.   Mutual  reaction  of  United  States  expansion. 
(2)  Faults  in  American  Business  Methods. 

(a)  Business  Practices  Requiring  Correction. 

*-  i.  Indifference  to  Latin-American  trade  needs, 
ii.   Vacillating  policies  of  American  shippers, 
iii.  Faulty  methods  in  salesmanship. 
-  iv.  Disregard  of  credit  requirements. 
v.  Faulty  packing  and  shipping  practices. 

(b)  Weak  Points  in  Business  Policies. 

i.  Entrusting  of  commercial  interests  to  foreigners, 
ii.  Lack  of  a  definite  national  commercial  policy, 
iii.  Absence  of  a  national  trade  conscience. 


H4  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(c)  Signs  of  Improving  Trade  Conditions. 

i.   Steps  in  Latin-American  trade  education, 
ii.   Partial  realization  of  trade  essentials. 

Special  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  224-241. 
Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  14-56. 
Hough,  Practical  Exporting,  pp.  42-79* 
Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  13-27. 

Additional  References: 

Cooper,  Understanding  South  America. 

Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States,  vols,  for  years  concerned. 

Pepper,  American  Foreign  Trade. 

Savay,  Principles  of  Foreign  Trade. 

Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

Vedder,  American  Methods  in  Foreign  Trade. 

Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Commercial  Travelers  in  Latin  America.    Tariff  Series,  No.  35. 
Consular  Recommendations  on  South  American  Trade.    Miscellaneous 

Series,  No.  20. 
Export  Trade  Suggestions.    Miscellaneous  Series,  No.  35. 

3.  Elements  of  Future  Commercial  Growth 

a.  Shipping  Methods  in  Latin-American  Trade. 
(1)  The  Preparation  of  Goods  for  Export. 

(a)  Facilities  for  Exporting  to  Latin  America. 

i.  Nature  and  functions  of  export  commission  houses, 
ii.  Establishment  of  export  agencies. 
iii.  Effects  on  recent  American  trade. 

(b)  Factors  in  Determining  Packing  Methods, 
i.  Means  and  routes  of  transportation. 

ii.  Port  conditions  and  transshipments, 
iii.  Conditions  along  routes  of  transit. 
iv.  Latin-American  customs  requirements. 


FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS     115 

(c)  Proper  Marking  of  Goods. 

i.  Varying  kinds  of  weight  markings, 
ii.   Relation  of  marking  to  the  duties  levied, 
iii.  Correct  addressing:  government  exactions. 
(2)  Shipping  Requirements  and  Precautions. 

(a)  Insurance  Considerations. 

i.  Types  of  commercial  insurance, 
ii.  Liabilities  of  shipper,  carrier,  and  customer. 

(b)  Kinds  and  Essentials  of  Shipping  Papers, 
i.   Features  of  Latin-American  invoices. 

ii.  Importance  of  correct  papers, 

iii.  Determination  of  freight  rates, 

iv.  Custom  house  regulations:  clearances. 

v.  Details  of  business  correspondence. 

Special  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  311-330. 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  57-80,  137-200,  239-253. 

Hough,  Practical  Exporting,  pp.  286-539. 

Additional  References: 

Pepper,  American  Foreign  Trade. 

Savay,  Principles  of  Foreign  Trade. 

Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

South  A  merican  Yearbook. 

Vedder,  American  Methods  in  Foreign  Trade. 

Verrill,  South  and  Central  American  Trade  Conditions. 

Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 
Packing  for  Export.    Miscellaneous  Series,  No.  5. 
South  America  as  an  Export  Field.    Special  Agents  Series,  No.  81. 

b.  Considerations  Essential  to  Commercial  Success. 
(1)  The  Matter  of  Banking  and  Credits. 
(a)  The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Credit. 

i.  The  need  of  accuracy  in  quotations  of  terms. 
ii.   Necessity  for  long  credits  in  Latin  America. 
iii.   General  dependability  of  Latin-American  firms. 
iv.  Extension  of  credits  and  collections. 


n6  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

(b)  Banking  Practices. 

i.  Kinds  and  usages  of  drafts, 
ii.  The  use  of  time  drafts  in  Latin  America, 
iii.   Comparison  of  American  and  European  practices. 
(2)  Methods  of  Building  Business  in  Latin  America. 

(a)  Advertising  and  Soliciting. 

i.  The  advertising  qualities  required. 

ii.  The  use  of  export  journals,    technical   and   news 

papers, 
iii.   Growth  of  the  mail  order  business, 
iv.  Importance  and  essentials  of  catalogs. 

v.  Advantages  of  personal  representation, 
vi.  Need  of  American  emigration  or  residence  abroad. 

(b)  Necessity  for  the  Study  of  the  Commercial  Field, 
i.   Variations  in  markets  and  needs. 

ii.   Size  of  the  field:  geographic  and  climatic  contrasts, 
iii.   Character  and  extent  of  competition, 
iv.  Nature  of  Latin-American  needs  and  standards. 

(c)  The  Question  of  Business  Attitude. 

i.   Essentials  of  business  organization, 
ii.   Importance  of  catering  to  desires  and  needs, 
iii.  Anticipation  of  slow  market  development. 

Special  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  331-344- 

Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  14-32,  81-123,  213-361. 

Hough,  Practical  Exporting,  pp.  113-286,  540-614. 

Verrill,  Getting  Together  with  Latin  America,  pp.  68-94. 

Additional  References: 

Babson,  The  Future  of  South  America. 

Brooks,  Foreign  Exchange. 

Cosby,  Latin  American  Monetary  and  Exchange  Conditions. 

O'Malley,  Our  South  American  Trade  and  Its  Financing. 

Savay,  Principles  of  Foreign  Trade. 

Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets. 

Vedder,  American  Methods  in  Foreign  Trade. 


FOREIGN  BUSINESS  AND  TRADE  RELATIONS    117 
Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Commercial  Travelers  in  Latin  America.    Tariff  Series,  No.  35. 
Consular  Recommendations  on  South  American    Trade.   Miscellaneous 

Series,  No.  20. 
Hurley,  Banking  and  Credit  in  South  American  Countries.     Special 

Agents  Series,  No.  00. 
MacElwee  and  Nichols,  Training  for  Foreign  Trade.  Miscellaneous 

Series,  No.  97. 
Sanger,  Advertising  Methods.  Special  Agents  Series,  Nos.  178,  185,  100. 
Snyder,  Selling  in  Foreign  Markets.    Miscellaneous  Series,  No.  85. 

c.  Efforts  toward  Future  Trade  Development. 

(1)  Opportunities  for  Trade  Development. 

(a)  The  Scope  and  Nature  of  the  Commercial  Field. 

i.  Undeveloped  natural  resources  in  Latin  America, 
ii.  Existing  and  latent  markets, 
iii.  Varieties  of  investment  opportunities, 
iv.  Latin-American  governments  as  customers. 
v.  Products  and  manufactures  salable  in  Latin  America. 

(b)  Official  Sources  of  Commercial  Aid. 

i.  United  States  Government  trade  publications, 
ii.   Recent  work  of  the  Department  of  Commerce. 
iii.  The  duties  of  United   States   consular   agents   and 
attach6s. 

(c)  Semi-Official  and  Private  Information  Sources, 
i.  Activities  of  chambers  of  commerce. 

ii.  Aid  offered  by  United  States  banks  and  corporations. 
iii.  The  value  of  Latin- American  directories. 

(2)  The  Fostering  of  Pan-American  Commercial  Relations. 

(a)  The  Official  Channels  of  Activity. 

i.   Functions  of  the  Pan-American  Union, 
ii.  Trade  bureaus  and  commercial  associations. 

(b)  Latin-American  Trade  Conferences. 

i.  The  nature  and  responsibility  of  trade  conventions. 


n8  LATIN-AMERICAN  HISTORY 

ii.  Their  contributions  to  La  tin- American  trade, 
iii.  The  bearing  of  trade  relations  on  Pan- Americanism. 
Special  Accounts: 

Aughinbaugh,  Selling  Latin  America,  pp.  345-374. 
Filsinger,  Exporting  to  Latin  America,  pp.  314-389. 
Latan6,  The  United  States  and  Latin  America,  pp.  303-307. 
Shepherd,  Latin  America,  pp.  174-177. 

Additional  Readings: 

Babson,  The  Future  of  South  America. 
Barrett,  Latin  America,  the  Land  of  Opportunity. 
Proceedings  of  the  International  Trade  Conference  (N.  Y.,  19 15). 
Proceedings  of  the  National  Foreign  Trade  Conventions  (N.  Y.,  1914- 
1920). 

Bureau   of    Foreign   and    Domestic    Commerce:     Special 
Agents  Series: 

Brand,  Commercial  Organizations,  No.  60. 

Harris,  Central  America  as  an  Export  Field,    No.  113;  cf.  No.  141. 
Lough,  Banking  Opportunities  in  South  America,    No.  106. 
Wilson,  South  America  as  an  Export  Field,    No.  81. 
[See  Bibliography  for  yearbooks,  commercial  guides,  etc.} 


TOPICS   FOR   SPECIAL  INVESTIGATION 

Spanish  Colonial  Methods. 

i.  Pre-Spanish  Indian  Civilization. 

2.  The  Asicnto  and  Its  Abuse. 

3.  Treatment  of  the  Aborigines. 

4.  Evolution  of  Colonial  Offices. 

5.  Comparison  of  Spanish  and  English  Colonial  Methods. 

6.  Missions  and  the  Inquisition. 

7.  Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits. 

8. '  Colonial  Labor  Laws  and  Customs. 
9.  The  Policy  of  Divide  el  I  m  per  a. 

Development  of  the  Lattn-American  Republics. 

Political  Development  and  Problems  in  Particular  States. 

10.  The  Patronage. 

11.  Church  Influence  in  Politics. 

12.  Parties  and  Party  Issues. 

Agricultural      and     Industrial      Development     (Individual 
Nations). 

13.  Grazing  and  the  Export  Trade. 

14.  History  of  the  Rubber  Industry. 

15.  Growth  of  the  Banana  Industry. 

16.  Survey  of  Coffee  Culture. 

17.  Minerals  and  Their  Exploitation. 

^-Social  Problems. 

— ->i8.  Development  of  Education. 

' — 19.  Relation  of  Church  and  State. 

20.  Problems  of  Immigration  and  Assimilation. 

"^2r.  The  War  Against  Disease. 

^22.  Character  and  Influence  of  the  Press. 

119 


120  LATIN-AMERICAN    HISTORY 

Inter-American  and  Foreign  Relations. 
Latin-American  Problems. 

23.  The  Tacna-Arica  Controversy. 

24.  The  ABC  Alliance. 

25.  The  Panama-Colombia  Controversy. 

26.  Latin-American  Attitude  toward  the  War. 

Political  Relations  of  the  United  States. 
Hegemony  of  the  United  States  in:  -r 

27.  Cuba  (since  1902). 

28.  Central  America  (since  1903). 

29.  The  Dominican  Republic  (since  1904). 

30.  Ecuador  and  Peru  (since  1903). 

31.  Haiti  (since  1914X 

32.  Mexico  (since  1900). 

33.  Nicaragua:  Canal  Projects. 

The  Monroe  Doctrine. 

34.  Raison  d'etre  of  the  Original  Doctrine. 

35.  European  Attitude  toward  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

36.  Latin-American  Attitude  toward  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 

37.  Pan- Americanism. 

38.  Latin  America  and  the  League  of  Nations. 

Diplomatic  Relations. 

39.  History  of  the  Piatt  Amendment. 

40.  Diplomatic  History  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

41.  The  Venezuela  Controversy. 

42.  The  French  Invasion  of  Mexico. 

Industrial  and  Commercial  Conditions. 
United  States  Business  Relations. 

43.  Present  Obstacles  of  Assumption,  Prejudice,  and  Practice. 

44.  American  Methods  in  Salesmanship. 

45.  Agencies  and  Branch  Houses. 

46.  Credit  Facilities  and  Investments. 

47.  Training  for  Latin-American  Salesmanship. 


TOPICS    FOR    SPECIAL    INVESTIGATION       121 

Foreign  Interests  in  Latin  America. 

48.  German  Business  Methods  in  Latin  America. 

49.  Beginnings  of  Japanese  Competition. 

50.  British  Ways  of  Doing  Business. 

51.  European  Capital  in  Latin- American  Industries. 

52.  European  Banking  Methods  in  Latin  America. 

Latin-American  Practices  and  Trade  Conditions. 

53.  The  Recent  Use  and  Abuse  of  Trade  Marks. 

54.  Social  Usages  in  Business. 

55.  Latin-American  Credits. 

56.  Advertising  in  Latin  America. 

57.  Latin-American  Tariff  Systems. 

58.  Business  Policies  of  Latin-American  Importers. 

59.  Transportation  Methods  in  Latin  America. 

60.  Latin-American  Port  Facilities. 


J?T    p 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


6Jan'63kEl 


\    ..    ' 


I  3    1963 


2!Aor'6; 


-     .  v 


— — -^ 


**33 


RFC'P  LP       LOAN  PERT. 


M 


4    \965  7^ 


REC'P 


HW    1'65-9PW 


LUAH  PEPT 


V  18  1968  19 


RECEIVED 


"w  MM-m 


.1& 


-(B6^gj>«f)476B 


tP 


*i* 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


3 


o  W>£ 


27705 


.. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  UBRARY 


